Physics

### What is the excess pressure inside a bubble of soap solution of radius 5.00 mm, given that the surface tension of soap solution at the temperature (20 °C) is 2.50 × 10–2 N m–1 ? If an air bubble of the same dimension were formed at depth of 40.0 cm inside a container containing the soap solution (of relative density 1.20), what would be the pressure inside the bubble ? (1 atmospheric pressure is 1.01 × 105 Pa)

Answer : According to the question, the surface tension of the soap solution is S = 2.50 × 10-2 N/m r = 5.00 mm = 5 × 10-3 m We know that the density of the soap solution is ρ = 1.2 × 103 kg/m3 and...

### A bat is flitting about in a cave, navigating via ultrasonic beeps. Assume that the sound emission frequency of the bat is . During one fast swoop directly toward a flat wall surface, the bat is moving at times the speed of sound in the air. What frequency does the bat hear reflected off the wall?

The sound emission frequency of the bat is given as $=40 \mathrm{kHz}$ The velocity of the bat is given as $v_{b}=0.03 \mathrm{v}$ Here, the velocity of the sound in air is $v$ The apparent...

### A narrow sound pulse (for example, a short pip by a whistle) is sent across a medium. (a) Does the pulse have a definite (i) frequency, (ii) wavelength, (iii) speed of propagation? (b) If the pulse rate is 1 after every , (that is the whistle is blown for a split of second after every ), is the frequency of the note produced by the whistle equal to or ?

(a) The speed of propagation is known, and it is the same as the speed of sound in air. The wavelength and frequency of the signal will be uncertain. (b) The note emitted by a whistle does not have...

### What is the pressure inside the drop of mercury of radius 3.00 mm at room temperature? Surface tension of mercury at that temperature (20 °C) is 4.65 × 10–1 N m–1. The atmospheric pressure is 1.01 × 105 Pa. Also give the excess pressure inside the drop.

Ans: According to the question, the Surface tension of mercury is S = 4.65 × 10-1 N m-1 The radius of the drop of mercury is r = 3.00 mm = 3 × 10-3 m And the atmospheric pressure, P0 = 1.01 × 105 Pa...

### A train, standing at the outer signal of a railway station blows a whistle of frequency in still air. (i) What is the frequency of the whistle for a platform observer when the train (a) approaches the platform with a speed of , (b) recedes from the platform with a speed of ? (ii) What is the speed of sound in each case? The speed of sound in still air can be taken as .

Frequency of the whistle is given as $=400 \mathrm{~Hz}$ Speed of sound in still air is given as $=340 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ (i) (a)Train approaches the platform at a speed given as...

### Explain how:In a dispersive medium, the shape of a pulse propagating through it gets distorted.

A pulse is made up of electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths. In a dispersive medium, these waves flow at various speeds. Its shape is distorted as a result of this.

### Explain how:(i) A guitar note and violin note are being played at the same frequency, however, we can still make out which instrument is producing which note(ii) Both transverse and longitudinal wave can propagate through solids, but only longitudinal waves can move through gases.

(i) Overtones are produced differently by the guitar and the violin. Even though the notes from a guitar and a violin vibrate at the same frequencies, it is possible to distinguish between them....

### Explain how:(i) A sound wave’s pressure antinode is a displacement node and vice versa.(ii) The Ganges river dolphin despite being blind, can manoeuvre and swim around obstacles and hunt down preys.

(i) An antinode is a place where the pressure is lowest and the vibration amplitude is highest. A node, on the other hand, is a place where pressure is highest and vibration amplitude is lowest....

### Guitar strings and striking the note ‘Ga’ are a little out of tune and give beats at . When the string is slightly loosened and the beat frequency becomes . Given that the original frequency of is , find the frequency of .

Frequency of $\mathrm{X}$ is given as $\mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{x}}=324 \mathrm{~Hz}$ Frequency of $Y$ is given as $f_{Y}$ Frequency of the beat is given as $\mathrm{n}=6 \mathrm{~Hz}$ Also,...

### Present below are functions of and to describe the displacement (longitudinal or transverse) of an elastic wave. Identify the ones describing ( a ) a stationary wave, ( b ) a travelling wave and ( c) neither of the two:(i) (ii)

(i) Because the harmonic terms $\omega t$ and $k x$ exist individually, this equation depicts a stationary wave. (ii) There are no harmonic terms in this equation. As a result, it is neither a...

### Present below are functions of and to describe the displacement (longitudinal or transverse) of an elastic wave. Identify the ones describing ( a ) a stationary wave, ( b ) a travelling wave and ( c) neither of the two:(ii)

(i) The harmonic terms $\omega t$ and $kx$ in the combination of $k x-w t$ explain a traveling wave in this equation. (ii) The harmonic terms $\omega t$ and $kx$ exist individually in the equation....

### Considering the wave, Answer the following questions; (a) Are all the points in the wire oscillating at the same values of (i) frequency, (ii) phase, (iii) amplitude? Justify your answers. (b) Calculate the amplitude of a point away from one end?

(a) Because both ends of the wire are clamped, the ends act as nodes, and the entire wire vibrates as a single segment. Thus, (i) Except at the wire's ends, where the frequency is 0, all of the...

### The transverse displacement of a wire (clamped at both its ends) is described as : The mass of the wire is and its length is . Provide answers to the following question: Calculate the wire’s tension.[X and are in meters and in secs]

As we know, The standard equation of a stationary wave is known as, $y(x, t)=2 a \sin k x \cos w t$ Given equation is, $y(x, t)=0.06 \sin \left(\frac{2 \pi}{3} x\right) \cos (120 \pi t)$ It is...

### The transverse displacement of a wire (clamped at both its ends) is described as : The mass of the wire is and its length is . Provide answers to the following questions:(i) Is the function describing a stationary wave or a travelling wave?(ii) Interpret the wave as a superposition of two waves travelling in opposite directions. Find the speed, wavelength and frequency of each wave.

As we know, The standard equation of a stationary wave is known as, $y(x, t)=2 a \sin k x \cos w t$ Given equation is, $y(x, t)=0.06 \sin \left(\frac{2 \pi}{3} x\right) \cos (120 \pi t)$ It is...

### A travelling harmonic wave is given as: . What is the phase difference between the oscillatory motion of two points separated by a distance of:(i) , (ii) [ and are in and is in secs .

Equation for a travelling harmonic wave is given as, $\begin{array}{l} y(x, t)=2.0 \cos 2 \pi(10 t-0.0080 x+0.35) \\ =2.0 \cos (20 \pi t-0.016 \pi x+0.70 \pi) \end{array}$ where, Propagation...

### A travelling harmonic wave is given as: . What is the phase difference between the oscillatory motion of two points separated by a distance of:(i) ,(ii) [ and are in and is in secs .

Equation for a travelling harmonic wave is given as, $\begin{array}{l} y(x, t)=2.0 \cos 2 \pi(10 t-0.0080 x+0.35) \\ =2.0 \cos (20 \pi t-0.016 \pi x+0.70 \pi) \end{array}$ where, Propagation...

### A bat emits ultrasonic sound of frequency in air. If the sound meets a water surface, what is the wavelength of (a) the reflected sound, (b) the transmitted sound? Speed of sound in air is and in water

Frequency of the ultrasonic sound is given as $\mathrm{v}=1000 \mathrm{kHz}=10^{6} \mathrm{~Hz}$ Speed of sound in air is given as $v_{A}=340 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ As we know, (a) The wavelength...

### We know that the function represents a wave travelling in one direction, where and must appear in the combination or or i.e. Is the converse true? Can the following functions for y possibly represent a travelling wave: (i) (ii) (iii)

No, the opposite is not true, because a wave function representing a travelling wave must have a finite value for all $x$ and $t$ values. None of the functions above satisfy the criteria, hence none...

### Using the formula explain why the speed of sound in air increases with humidity.

Given values are, $v=\sqrt{\frac{\gamma P}{\rho}}$ $\Rightarrow \mathrm{P}=\frac{\rho R T}{M}$ $\Rightarrow \frac{P}{\rho}=\frac{R T}{M}$ The effective density of the air decreases as humidity...

### A stone dropped from the top of a tower of height splashes into the water of a pond near the base of the tower. When is the splash heard at the top given that the speed of sound in air is ?

Height of the bridge is given as $s=300 \mathrm{~m}$ Initial velocity of the stone is given as $u=0$ Acceleration is known as $a=g=9.8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ Speed of sound in air is given as...

### A U-shaped wire is dipped in a soap solution, and removed. The thin soap film formed between the wire and the light slider supports a weight of 1.5 × 10–2 N (which includes the small weight of the slider). The length of the slider is 30 cm. What is the surface tension of the film ?

Answer : The maximum weight the film can support, W = 1.5 × 10-2 N Length of the slider, l = 30 cm = 0.3 m Total length of liquid film, l = 2 x 30 cm = 60 cm = 0.6 m because the liquid film has two...

### The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has a cross-section of 8.0 cm2 one end of which has 40 fine holes each of diameter 1.0 mm. If the liquid flow inside the tube is 1.5 m min–1, what is the speed of ejection of the liquid through the holes?

Answer : According to the question, Number of holes, n = 40 Spray pump's cross-sectional area, A1 = 8 cm -2= 8 × 10-4 m-2 Radius of each hole, r = 0.5 × 10-3 m Cross-sectional area the said hole, a...

### Figures (a) and (b) refer to the steady flow of a (non-viscous) liquid. Which of the two figures is incorrect ? Why ?

Answer : Figure (a) is incorrect. The reason for this is that the velocity of liquid flow near the kink is high, hence applying Bernoulli's theorem, the pressure is low. As a result, when there is a...

### In a test experiment on a model aeroplane in a wind tunnel, the flow speeds on the upper and lower surfaces of the wing are 70 m s–1 and 63 m s-1 respectively. What is the lift on the wing if its area is 2.5 m2 ? Take the density of air to be 1.3 kg m -3

Answer : According to the question, the Speed of wind on the upper side of the wing is V1 = 70 m/s And the speed of wind on the lower side of the wing is V2 = 63 m/s We are given that the area of...

### Glycerine flows steadily through a horizontal tube of length 1.5 m and radius 1.0 cm. If the amount of glycerine collected per second at one end is 4.0 × 10–3 kg s–1, what is the pressure difference between the two ends of the tube? (Density of glycerine = 1.3 × 103 kg m–3 and viscosity of glycerine = 0.83 Pa s). [You may also like to check if the assumption of laminar flow in the tube is correct].

Answer : According to the question, the Length of the horizontal tube, l = 1.5 m and the radius of the tube is r = 1 cm = 0.01 m Therefore diameter of the tube becomes- d = 2r = 0.02 m It is given...

### A refrigerator is to maintain eatables kept inside at 9 degrees C. If room temperature is 36 degrees C, calculate the coefficient of performance.

Solution: Given, Temperature inside the refrigerator, T1 = 90 C Temperature in kelvin = 273 + 9= 282 K Room temperature, T2 = 360 C Temperature in kelvin = 273 + 36= 309 K Coefficient of performance...

### Does it matter if one uses gauge instead of absolute pressures in applying Bernoulli’s equation? Explain

Answer : No, it doesn't matter if Bernoulli's equation is applied using gauge pressures rather than absolute pressures, as long as the atmospheric pressures at the two sites where Bernoulli's...

### A thermodynamic system is taken from an original state to an intermediate state by the linear process shown in Fig. Its volume is then reduced to the original value from E to F by an isobaric process. Calculate the total work done by the gas from D to E to F.

Solution: From figure, DEF is the area of the gas's total work done from D through E and F. Area of ∆DEF = (1/2) x DE x EF Where, DF = Change in pressure = 600 N/m2 – 300 N/m2= 300 N/ m2 FE = Change...

### Can Bernoulli’s equation be used to describe the flow of water through a rapid in a river? Explain.

Answer : Bernoulli's equation cannot be used to describe the flow of water in a river since it only applies to perfect liquids in a streamlined flow, whereas the water in a stream is turbulent.

### In the previous problem, if 15.0 cm of water and spirit each is further poured into the respective arms of the tube, what is the difference in the levels of mercury in the two arms? (Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6)

Answer ; According to the question, h1 = 10.0 cm and ρ1 = 1 g cm-3 and for the spirit column in another arm of the U-tube, h2 = 12.5 cm We have to determine the value of p2 Let h be the difference...

### An electric heater supplies heat to a system at a rate of 100W. If system performs work at a rate of 75 joules per second. At what rate is the internal energy increasing?

Given: As we know that the law of conservation of energy states that all energy is conserved. The total energy is equal to the sum of work done and internal energy. ΔQ = ΔW + ΔU Heating at a rate of...

### A steam engine delivers J of work per minute and services J of heat per minute from its boiler. What is the efficiency of the engine? How much heat is wasted per minute?

Solution: Given Amount of work done by the steam engine in one minute, W = 5.4 x 108 J Heat supplied from the boiler, H = 3.6 x 109 J...

### Two cylinders A and B of equal capacity are connected to each other via a stopcock. A contains a gas at standard temperature and pressure. B is completely evacuated. The entire system is thermally insulated. The stopcock is suddenly opened. Answer the following:(c) What is the change in the temperature of the gas? (d) Do the intermediate states of the system (before settling to the final equilibrium state) lie on its P-V-T surface?

Answer: c) The gas's temperature will not change. Because gas expands, it does not operate. In this operation, the gas's temperature will not change....

### Two cylinders A and B of equal capacity are connected to each other via a stopcock. A contains a gas at standard temperature and pressure. B is completely evacuated. The entire system is thermally insulated. The stopcock is suddenly opened. Answer the following: (a) What is the final pressure of the gas in A and B? (b) What is the change in internal energy of the gas?

Answer: (a). By allowing gas to flow from cylinder P to cylinder Q, the volume of gas will be doubled because both cylinders have identical capacity. Because pressure is inversely proportional to...

### A U-tube contains water and methylated spirit separated by mercury. The mercury columns in the two arms are in level with 10.0 cm of water in one arm and 12.5 cm of spirit in the other. What is the specific gravity of spirit?

Answer : According to the question, the height of the spirit column is h1 = 12.5 cm = 0.125 m And the height of the water column is h2 = 10 cm = 0.1 m Let A and B represent the points of contact...

### In changing the state of a gas adiabatically from an equilibrium state A to another equilibrium state B, an amount of work equal to 22.3 J is done on the system. If the gas is taken from state A to B via a process in which the net heat absorbed by the system is 9.35 cal, how much is the net work done by the system in the latter case? (Take 1 cal = 4.19 J)

Given 22.3 joules of work (W) are performed on the system while the gas transitions between states A and B. This is an example of an adiabatic process. As a result, the change in heat is zero. So,...

### A cylinder with a movable piston contains 3 moles of hydrogen at standard temperature and pressure. The walls of the cylinder are made of a heat insulator, and the piston is insulated by having a pile of sand on it. By what factor does the pressure of the gas increase if the gas is compressed to half its original volume?

Answer: The cylinder is fully isolated from the rest of the environment. There is no heat exchange between the system (cylinder) and its surroundings as a result of the design....

### Explain why: (c) Air pressure in a car tyre increases during driving. (d) The climate of a harbour town is more temperate than that of a town in a desert at the same latitude.

Answer: c)Because air molecules move, the temperature inside tires rises as the driver is moving. And, per Charles' law, temperature equals the pressure....

### Explain why (a) Two bodies at different temperatures T1 and T2 if brought in thermal contact do not necessarily settle to the mean temperature (T1 + T2)/2. (b) The coolant in a chemical or a nuclear plant (i.e., the liquid used to prevent the different parts of a plant from getting too hot) should have high specific heat.

Answer i) When two bodies with different temperatures, T1 and T2, are brought into thermal contact, heat flows from the hotter body to the cooler body until both bodies reach equilibrium, i.e., both...

### What amount of heat must be supplied to of nitrogen (at room temperature) to raise its temperature by 45 °C at constant pressure? (Molecular mass of .)

Solution: Given, The mass of nitrogen is equal to 2 x 10-2 kg =20 g Temperature increase = T. = 45 degrees Celsius Q = the amount of heat necessary Q = nCT is a mathematical expression....

### A vertical off-shore structure is built to withstand a maximum stress of 109 Pa. Is the structure suitable for putting up on top of an oil well in the ocean? Take the depth of the ocean to be roughly 3 km, and ignore ocean currents

Ans: Given: According to the question, the maximum stress that a structure can handle is P = 109 Pa And the depth of the sea is d = 3 km = 3 × 103 m We also have the density of water as ρ...

### A geyser heats water flowing at the rate of 3.0 litres per minute from 27 °C to 77 °C. If the geyser operates on a gas burner, what is the rate of consumption of the fuel if its heat of combustion is 4.0 × 104 J/g?

Solution: Given The water is moving at a rate of 3.0 litres per minute. The geyser heats the water, elevating the temperature from 27 degrees Celsius to 77 degrees Celsius as a result. Initial...

### Toricelli’s barometer used mercury. Pascal duplicated it using French wine of density 984 kg m–3. Determine the height of the wine column for normal atmospheric pressure

Ans: According to the question, the density of mercury is ρ1 = 13.6 × 103 kg/m3 And the height of the mercury column is h1 = 0.76 m Also, the density of French wine is : ρ2 = 984 kg/m3 We have to...

### Two absolute scales A and B have triple points of water defined to be and . What is the relation between TA and TB?

Solution: Given: Triple point of water on absolute scale $\mathrm{B}, \mathbf{T}_{2}=\mathbf{4 0 0} \mathbf{~ B}$ Triple point of water on absolute scale $A, T_{1}=200 A$ Triple point of water on...

### A mild steel wire of length and cross-sectional area is stretched, well within its elastic limit, horizontally between two pillars. A mass of is suspended from the mid-point of the wire. Calculate the depression at the midpoint.

Water pressure at the bottom is given as, $p=1000 a t m=1000 \times 1.013 \times 10^{5}$ Pa $p=1.01 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~Pa}$ Initial volume of the steel ball is given as $V=0.30 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$...

### A steel cable with a radius of supports a chairlift at a ski area. If the maximum stress is not to exceed What is the maximum load the cable can support?

Radius of the steel cable is given as $r=1.5 \mathrm{~cm}=0.015 \mathrm{~m}$ Cross-sectional area of the cable will be, $\pi r^{2}=3.14 \times(0.015)^{2}$ $=7.06 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}$ Maximum...

### A steel wire of length and cross-sectional area stretches by the same amount as a copper wire of length and cross-sectional area of under a given load. What is the ratio of Young’s modulus of steel to that of copper?

Length of the steel wire is given as $l_{1}=4.7 \mathrm{~m}$ Cross-sectional area of the steel wire is given as $a_{1}=3.0 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^{2}$ Length of the copper wire is given as...

### One end of a string of length l is connected to a particle of mass m and the other to a small peg on a smooth horizontal table. If the particle moves in a circle with speed v the net force on the particle (directed towards the centre) is : (i) T (ii) T – mv2/l (iii) T + mv2/l (iv) 0 T is the tension in the string. [Choose the correct alternative].

T is the particle's net force, and it is directed towards the centre. It gives the particle the centrifugal force it needs to travel in a circle.

### A train runs along an unbanked circular track of radius of 30 m at a speed of 54 km/h. The mass of the train is 106 kg. What provides the centripetal force required for this purpose the engine or the rails? What is the angle of banking required to prevent wearing out of the rail?

The track's radius is 30 metres. The train's speed = 54 km/h = 54 x (5/18) = 15 m/s The train's mass is 106 kg. The force of lateral friction created by the rails on the train wheels provides the...

### Figure shows a man standing stationary with respect to a horizontal conveyor belt that is accelerating with 1 ms-2. What is the net force on the man? If the coefficient of static friction, between the man’s shoes and the belt is 0.2, up to what acceleration of the belt can the man continue to be stationary relative to the belt? (Mass of the man = 65 kg.)

Here, the conveyor belt's acceleration is a = 1 ms-2. s=0.2 is the static friction coefficient. m = 65 kg m = 65 kg m = 65 kg m = 65 kg m = 65 kg Ma = 65 x 1 = 65N is the Net Force. The friction...

### Figure shows the position-time graph of a particle of mass 0.04 kg. Suggest a suitable physical context for this motion. What is the time between two consecutive impulses received by the particle? What is the magnitude of each impulse?

This graph might represent a ball rebounding between two walls separated by two centimetres. Every two seconds, the ball bounces back and forth between the walls at a constant pace. 2 x 10-2)/2 =...

### Explain why a cricketer moves his hands backwards while holding a catch.

The ball will have a lot of momentum when the batsman smashes it. When he slides his hands rearward, the contact duration increases, and the force decreases.

### Explain why passengers are thrown forward from their seats when a speeding bus stops suddenly,

Because of the inertia of motion. When a bus abruptly stops, the bottom half of a person's body in touch with the seat comes to a halt, while the upper part of the body continues to move. As a...

### Explain why a horse cannot pull a cart and run in empty space,

When the horse pulls the cart, it exerts a certain amount of force on the ground. The ground will exert an equal and opposite reaction force on the horse's feet if the third rule of motion is...

### A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end of a string is whirled round in a circle of radius 1.5 m with a speed of 40 rev./min in a horizontal plane. What is the tension in the string? What is the maximum speed with which the stone can be whirled around if the string can withstand a maximum tension of 200 N?

The stone weighs 0.25 kilogramme. r = 1.5 m Radius n= 40/60 = (23) rev/sec is the number of revolutions per second. = 2n = 2 x 3.14 x (23) is the angular velocity. The centripetal force is provided...

### A batsman deflects a ball by an angle of 45° without changing its initial speed which is equal to 54 km/h. What is the impulse imparted to the ball? (Mass of the ball is 0.15 kg.)

The ball's speed is 54 km/h. The ball is deflected backwards to a total angle of 450 degrees. The initial momentum of the ball is mucosӨ = (0.15 x 54 x 1000 x cos 22. 5)/3600 = 0.15 x 15 x 0.9239...

### Two bodies of masses 10 kg and 20 kg respectively kept on a smooth, horizontal surface are tied to the ends of a tight string. A horizontal force F = 600 N is applied to (i) A, (ii) B along the direction of string. What is the tension in the string in each case?

Given, A body mass of 10 kilogrames (m1) B, m2 = 20 kg, 600 N horizontal force m = m1 + m2 = 30 kg is the total mass of the system. Using Newton's second rule of motion, we can calculate ma = f...

### Figure shows the position-time graph of a particle of mass 4 kg. What is the (a) force on the particle for t 4 s, 0 < t < 4 s? (b) impulse at t = 0 and t = 4 s? (Consider one-dimensional motion only).

When t<0, the particle's distance travelled is zero. As a result, the particle's force is zero. When 0< t< 4s occurs, the particle is travelling at a constant speed. As a result, there will...

### . A man of mass 70 kg, stands on a weighing machine in a lift, which is moving (a) upwards with a uniform speed of 10 ms-1. (b) downwards with a uniform acceleration of 5 ms-2. (c) upwards with a uniform acceleration of 5 ms-2. What would be the readings on the scale in each case? (d) What would be the reading if the lift mechanism failed and it hurtled down freely under gravity?

m = 70 kg 10 m/s2 = g In each scenario, the weighing machine measures the response R, or apparent weight. (a) The lift's acceleration equals 0 when it travels upwards at a uniform speed of 10 m/s. R...

### A bob of mass 0.1 kg hung from the ceiling of a room by a string 2 m long is set into oscillation. The speed of the bob at its mean position is 1 ms-1. What is the trajectory of the bob if the string is cut when the bob is at one of its extreme positions?

(a) The velocity of the bob is zero when it is at one of its extreme positions. If the string is severed, the bob will fall vertically downward due to its weight F = mg.

### A truck starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at 2.0 ms-2. At t = 10 s, a stone is dropped by a person standing on the top of the truck (6 m high from the ground). What are the (a) velocity, and (b) acceleration of the stone at t = 11s? (Neglect air resistance.)

u = 0 is the initial velocity. a = 2 ms-2, a = 2 ms-2, a = 2 ms-2, a = 2 m   t=10s t=10s t=10s t=10   We get v = u + at using the equation v = u + at.   20 m/s = v = 0 + 2 x 10  ...

### A body of mass 0.40 kg moving initially with a constant speed of 10 ms-1 to the north is subject to a constant force of 8.0 N directed towards the south for 30 s. Take the instant the force is applied to be t = 0, the position of the body at that time to be x = 0, and predict its position at t = -5 s, 25 s, 100 s.

Given, Body mass is 0.40 kg. u = 10 m/s initial velocity f = -8 N force (retarding force) Using the formula S = ut + (12) at2, (a) At time t = – 5 s, position From t = 0 s, the force acts on the...

### The driver of a three-wheeler moving at a speed of 36 km/h sees a child standing in the middle of the road and brings his vehicle to rest in 4.0 s just in time to save the child. What is the average retarding force on the vehicle? The mass of the three-wheeler is 400 kg, and the mass of the driver is 65 kg.

Given, u=36 km/h is the initial velocity. v = 0 is the final velocity. The three-mass wheeler's is m1=400 kg. The driver's mass is m2 = 65 kg. The time it took to bring the car to a complete stop...

### . A constant retarding force of 50 N is applied to a body of mass 20 kg moving initially with a speed of 15 m s-1. How long does the body take to stop?

Here, – 50 N force (since it is a retarding force) m = 20 kg mass 0 = v u = 15 m s-1 u = 15 m s-1 u = 15 m F = ma force a = F/m = -50/20 = – 2.5 ms-2 v = u + at is the equation to use. 0 = 15 + (-...

### Give the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on a stone of mass 0.1 kg, (a) just after it is dropped from the window of a stationary train (b) just after it is dropped from the window of a train running at a constant velocity of 36 km/h (c ) just after it is dropped from the window of a train accelerating with1 m s-2 (d) lying on the floor of a train which is accelerating with 1 m s-2, the stone being at rest relative to the train. Neglect air resistance throughout.

(a) Stone mass = 0.1 kg 10 ms^(-2)= acceleration   F = mg = 0.1 x 10 = 1.0 N is the net force.   The force is applied vertically and downwards.   (b) The train maintains a steady...

### Which of the following does not describe the elastic collision of two billiard balls? Distance between the centres of the balls is r.

(i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi). The distance between two masses in a system is inversely proportional to their potential energy. As the two balls grow closer to each other, the potential energy of...

### On a frictionless track, a trolley moves with a speed of with a mass of . A child whose mass is 20 kg runs on the trolley with a speed of from one end to other which is . The speed is relative to the trolley in the direction opposite to its motion. Find the final speed of the trolley and the distance the trolley moved from the time the child began to run.

Mass is given as $m=200 \mathrm{Kg}$ Speed is given as $v=36 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}=10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ Mass of boy is given as $=20 \mathrm{Kg}$ Initial momentum will be, $(M+m) v$...

### A bolt of mass falls from the ceiling of an elevator moving down with a uniform speed of . It hits the floor of the elevator (length of elevator ) and does not rebound. What is the heat produced by the impact? Would your answer be different if the elevator were stationary?

Mass of the bolt is given as $m=0.3 \mathrm{~kg}$ Potential energy of the bolt is given as $m g h=0.3 \times 9.8 \times 3=8.82\rfloor$ The bolt does not return to its original position. As a result,...

### A block situated on a rough incline is connected to a spring of spring constant 100 as shown in Fig. The block is released from rest with the spring in the unstretched position. The block moves down the incline before coming to rest. Find the coefficient of friction between the block and the incline. Assume that the spring has a negligible mass and the pulley is frictionless.

Solution: Spring constant is given as $\mathrm{k}=100 \mathrm{~N} \mathrm{~m}^{m}$ Displacement in the block is given as $\mathrm{x}=10 \mathrm{~cm}=0.1 \mathrm{~m}$ At equilibrium: Normal reaction...

### Two inclined frictionless tracks, one gradual and the other steep meet at A from where two stones are allowed to slide down from rest, one on each track Fig. Will the stones reach the bottom at the same time? Will they reach there with the same speed? Explain. Given , , and , what are the speeds and times taken by the two stones?

Solution: The sides $A B$ and $A C$ of the figure are both inclined to the horizontal at $\theta_{1}$ and $\theta_{2}$, respectively. According to the law of mechanical energy conservation,...

### A bullet of mass and horizontal speed strikes a block of wood of mass and instantly comes to rest with respect to the block. The block is suspended from the ceiling by means of thin wires. Calculate the height to which the block rises. Also, estimate the amount of heat produced in the block.

Mass of the bullet is given as $m_{1}=0.012 \mathrm{~kg}$ Initial speed of the bullet is given as $u_{1}=70 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ Mass of the wooden block is given as $m_{2}=0.4 \mathrm{~kg}$...

### A family uses of power. (a) Direct solar energy is incident on the horizontal surface at an average rate of per square meter. If of this energy can be converted to useful electrical energy, how large an area is needed to supply 8 kW?(b) Compare this area to that of the roof of a typical house.

(a) Power used by family is given as $p=8 \mathrm{KW}=8000 \mathrm{~W}$ Solar energy received per square metre is given as $200 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}$ Percentage of energy converted to useful...

### A person trying to lose weight (dieter) lifts a 10 kg mass, one thousand times, to a height of each time. Assume that the potential energy lost each time she lowers the mass is dissipated. (a) How much work does she do against the gravitational force? (b) Fat supplies of energy per kilogram which is converted to mechanical energy with a efficiency rate. How much fat will the dieter use up?

Mass is given as $\mathrm{m}=10 \mathrm{~kg}$ Height to which the mass is lifted is given as $h=0.5 \mathrm{~m}$ Number of times is hiven as $n=1000$ (a) Work done against gravitational force can be...

### The windmill sweeps a circle of area A with their blades. If the velocity of the wind is perpendicular to the circle, find the air passing through it in time and also the kinetic energy of the air. of the wind energy is converted into electrical energy and and the density of the air is What is the electrical power produced?

Area = A Velocity $=\mathrm{V}$ Density $=\rho$ (a) Volume of the wind through the windmill per sec is given by $=\mathrm{Av}$ Mass is given by $=\rho \mathrm{AV}$ So, Mass $m$ through the windmill...

### A body of mass travels in a straight line with velocity where . What is the work done by the net force during its displacement from to m?

Let the mass of the body be $m$ $m=0.5 \mathrm{~kg}$ Velocity of the body is represented by $v=a x^{3 / 2}$ where, $a=5 \mathrm{~m}^{-1 / 2} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$. Initial velocity at $x=0$ will be...

### A trolley of mass carrying a sandbag of is moving uniformly with a speed of on a frictionless track. After a while, the sand starts leaking out of a hole on the floor of the trolley at the rate of What is the speed of the trolley after the entire sandbag is empty?

The sandbag is placed in the trolley, which travels at a constant speed of 27 km/h. There is no system that acts as an external force. There will be no external force operating on the system even if...

### The bob of a pendulum is released from a horizontal position. If the length of the pendulum is , what is the speed with which the bob arrives at the lowermost point, given that it dissipated of its initial energy against air resistance?

Length of the pendulum is given as $\mid=1.5 \mathrm{~m}$ Potential of the bob at the horizontal position is given as $=m g h=m g \mid$ When the bob goes from the horizontal position to the lowest...

### A ball A which is at an angle to the vertical is released and it hits a ball B of same mass which is at rest. Does the ball A rises after collision? The collision is an elastic collision.

When the ball A collides with the stationary ball B in an elastic collision, the ball B gains the velocity of the ball A, while the ball A comes to a stop immediately after the collision....

### Two identical ball bearings in contact with each other and resting on a frictionless table is hit head-on by another ball bearing of the same mass moving initially with a speed . If the collision is elastic, which of the following figure is a possible result after collision?

Solution: The mass of the ball bearing is given as $\mathrm{m}$ Before the collision, Total Kinetic Energy of the system will be $=1 / 2 m v^{2}+0=1 / 2 m v^{2}$ After the collision, Total Kinetic...

### A pebble of mass 0.05 kg is thrown vertically upwards. Give the direction and magnitude of the net force on the pebble, (a) during its upward motion (b) during its downward motion (c) at the highest point where it is momentarily at rest. Do your Solutions change if the pebble was thrown at an angle of 45° with the horizontal direction? Ignore air resistance

(a) The acceleration due to gravity acts downwards throughout the upward motion of the pebble, thus the magnitude of the force on the pebble is 0.5 N = F = mg = 0.05 kg x 10 ms-2 The force is in a...

### 1. Give the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on (a) a drop of rain falling down with a constant speed (b) a cork of mass 10 g floating on water (c) a kite skillfully held stationary in the sky (d) a car moving with a constant velocity of 30 km/h on a rough road (e) a high-speed electron in space far from all material objects, and free of electric and magnetic fields.

(a)The raindrop continues to fall at the same rate. As a result, the acceleration will be zero. Because F = ma, the force exerted on the drop will be zero when the acceleration is zero. (b) The cork...

### A raindrop of radius falls from a height of above the ground. It falls with decreasing acceleration (due to viscous resistance of the air) until at half its original height, it attains its maximum (terminal) speed, and moves with uniform speed thereafter. What is the work done by the gravitational force on the drop in the first and second half of its journey? What is the work done by the resistive force in the entire journey if its speed on reaching the ground is ?

Radius of the drop is given as $2 \mathrm{~mm}=2 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~m}$. Height from which the raindrops fall is given as $\mathrm{S}=500 \mathrm{~m}$. The density of water is given as...

### An electron and a proton are detected in a cosmic ray experiment, the first with kinetic energy , and the second with . Which is faster, the electron or the proton? Obtain the ratio of their speeds. (electron mass , proton mass )

Electron mass is given as $m_{e}=9.11 \times 10^{-31} \mathrm{~kg}$ Proton mass is given as $m_{p}=1.67 \times 10^{-27} \mathrm{~kg}$ Electron's kinetic energy can be calculated as...

### The potential energy function for a particle executing linear simple harmonic motion is given by , where is the force constant of the oscillator. For , the graph of versus is shown in Figure. Show that a particle of total energy moving under this potential must ‘turn back’ when it reaches .

Solution: Energy of the particle will be, $\mathrm{E}=1 \mathrm{~J}$ $\mathrm{K}=0.5 \mathrm{~N} \mathrm{~m}^{-1}$ $\mathrm{K} . \mathrm{E}=\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{mv}^{2}$ Based on law of conservation...

### Given in Figure, are examples of some potential energy functions in one dimension. The total energy of the particle is indicated by a cross on the ordinate axis. In each case, specify the regions, if any, in which the particle cannot be found for the given energy. Also, indicate the minimum total energy the particle must have in each case. Think of simple physical contexts for which these potential energy shapes are relevant.

(a)   (b) The total energy is given by the relation, $E=K . E .+P . E$. So, $K_{. E}=E-P . E .$ There can never be a negative amount of kinetic energy. In the region where K.E. becomes negative, the...

### Given in Figure, are examples of some potential energy functions in one dimension. The total energy of the particle is indicated by a cross on the ordinate axis. In each case, specify the regions, if any, in which the particle cannot be found for the given energy. Also, indicate the minimum total energy the particle must have in each case. Think of simple physical contexts for which these potential energy shapes are relevant.

The total energy is given by the relation, $E=K . E .+P . E$. So, $K_{. E}=E-P . E .$ There can never be a negative amount of kinetic energy. In the region where K.E. becomes negative, the particle...

### A body of mass initially at rest moves under the action of an applied horizontal force of on a table with the coefficient of kinetic friction Compute the(a) work done by the net force on the body in ,(b) change in kinetic energy of the body in .

Mass of the body is given as $2 \mathrm{~kg}$ Horizontal force applied is given as $7 \mathrm{~N}$ Coefficient of kinetic friction is given as $0.1$ Acceleration produced by the applied force can be...

### A body of mass initially at rest moves under the action of an applied horizontal force of on a table with the coefficient of kinetic friction Compute the(a) work done by the applied force in ,(b) work done by friction in

Mass of the body is given as $2 \mathrm{~kg}$ Horizontal force applied is given as $7 \mathrm{~N}$ Coefficient of kinetic friction is given as $0.1$ Acceleration produced by the applied force can be...

### The sign of work done by a force on a body is important to understand. State carefully if the following quantities are positive or negative: Work done by the resistive force of air on a vibrating pendulum in bringing it to rest.

Work completed is negative. It is noticed that the bob's orientation and the air resistance acting on it are in different directions.

### The sign of work done by a force on a body is important to understand. State carefully if the following quantities are positive or negative:(a) work done by friction on a body sliding down an inclined plane,(b) work done by an applied force on a body moving on a rough horizontal plane with uniform velocity

(a) The direction of motion of the object is opposite the direction of the frictional force, as can be seen. As a result, the work completed is negative. (b) The frictional force acting on an object...

### The sign of work done by a force on a body is important to understand. State carefully if the following quantities are positive or negative:(a) work done by a man in lifting a bucket out of a well by means of a rope tied to the bucket. (b) work done by the gravitational force in the above case

(a) Work done is positive. It is obvious that both the force and the displacement are in the same direction. (b) It should be observed that the object's displacement is upward, but the force of...

### Separation of Motion of a system of particles into motion of the centre of mass and motion about the centre of mass:(i) Show where is the angular momentum of the system about the centre of mass with velocities considered with respect to the centre of mass. Note , rest of the notation is the standard notation used in the lesson. Note L’ and MR can be said to be angular momenta, respectively, about and of the centre of mass of the system of particles.(ii) Prove that : Further prove that: Where t’ext is the sum of all external torques acting on the system about the centre of mass. (Clue : A pply Newton’s Third Law and the definition of centre of mass. Consider that internal forces between any two particles act along the line connecting the particles.)

Here $\vec{r}_{i}=\vec{r}_{i}+\vec{R}+R \ldots$ (1) also, $\vec{V}_{i}=\vec{V}_{i}+\vec{V} \ldots \ldots .$ (2) Where $\vec{r}_{i}^{\overrightarrow{3}}$ and $\vec{v}_{i}^{\overrightarrow{3}}$ denote...

### Separation of Motion of a system of particles into motion of the centre of mass and motion about the centre of mass: Show Where is the momentum of the particle (of mass and Note is the velocity of the particle with respect to the centre of mass.Also, verify using the definition of the centre of mass that (ii) Prove that Where is the total kinetic energy of the system of particles, is the total kinetic energy of the system when the particle velocities are taken relative to the center of mass and is the kinetic energy of the translation of the system as a whole.

i)Here $\vec{r}_{i}=\vec{r}_{i}+\vec{R}+R \ldots$ also, $\vec{V}_{i}=\vec{V}_{i}+\vec{V} \ldots \ldots .$ Where $\vec{r}_{i}^{\overrightarrow{3}}$ and $\vec{v}_{i}^{\overrightarrow{3}}$ denote the...

### Read the statement below carefully, and state, with reasons, if it is true or false; A wheel moving down a perfectly frictionless inclined plane will undergo slipping (not rolling) motion.

True. Rolling happens only when there is a frictional force to provide the torque; otherwise, the wheel merely slips down the plane on its own weight.

### Read each statement below carefully, and state, with reasons, if it is true or false;(a) The instantaneous acceleration of the point of contact during rolling is zero.(b) For perfect rolling motion, work done against friction is zero.

(a) False. The instantaneous acceleration of a rolling object will have a value that is not zero. (b) True. Because the frictional force is zero during perfect rolling, no work is done against it.

### Read each statement below carefully, and state, with reasons, if it is true or false;(a) During rolling, the force of friction acts in the same direction as the direction of motion of the CM of the body. (b) The instantaneous speed of the point of contact during rolling is zero.

(a) False. The direction of frictional force is the polar opposite of the centre of mass's motion. Because the centre of mass of a rolling object moves backwards, the frictional force acts in the...

### A cylinder of mass and radius is rolling perfectly on a plane of inclination The coefficient of static friction . If the inclination of the plane is increased, at what value of does the cylinder begin to skid, and not roll perfectly?

The given situation can be depicted as: Mass is given as $m=10 \mathrm{~kg}$ Radius is given as $r=15 \mathrm{~cm}=0.15 \mathrm{~m}$ Co-efficient of kinetic friction is given as $\mu_{s}=0.25$ Angle...

### A cylinder of mass and radius is rolling perfectly on a plane of inclination The coefficient of static friction (a) How much is the force of friction acting on the cylinder?(b) What is the work done against friction during rolling?

The above situation can be depicted as: Mass is given as $m=10 \mathrm{~kg}$ Radius is given as $r=15 \mathrm{~cm}=0.15 \mathrm{~m}$ Co-efficient of kinetic friction is given as $\mu_{s}=0.25$ Angle...

### A solid disc and a ring, both of radius are placed on a horizontal table simultaneously, with an initial angular speed equal to . Which of the two will start to roll earlier? The coefficient of kinetic friction is

The radius of the ring and the disc is given as r = 10 cm  = 0.10 m Initial angular speed is given as ω0 =10 π rad s–1 The coefficient of kinetic friction is given as μk = 0.2 According to Newton’s...

### A disc rotating about its axis with angular speed is placed lightly (without any translational push) on a perfectly frictionless table. The radius of the disc is R. What are the linear velocities of the points and on the disc shown in Figure. Will the disc roll in the direction indicated?

Solution: The respective linear velocities are : For point $A, v_{A}=r \omega_{0}$ For point $B, v_{B}=r \omega_{0}$ both in the direction of arrow For point $C, v_{c}=(R / 2) \omega_{0}$ in the...

### Prove the result that the velocity v of translation of a rolling body (like a ring, disc, cylinder or sphere) at the bottom of an inclined plane of a height is given by using dynamical consideration (i.e. by consideration of forces and torques). Note is the radius of gyration of the body about its symmetry axis, and is the radius of the body. The body starts from rest at the top of the plane.

The given question can be represented as: where, $R$ is the body's radius $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity $\mathrm{K}$ is the body's radius of gyration $v$ is the body's translational...

### (a) Prove the theorem of perpendicular axes. (Hint: Square of the distance of a point in the plane from an axis through the origin and perpendicular to the plane is . (b) Prove the theorem of parallel axes. (Hint: If the centre of mass of a system of n particles is chosen to be the origin .

(a) The moment of inertia of a planar body (lamina) about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia of the lamina about any two mutually perpendicular axes in...

### Two discs of moments of inertia and about their respective axes (normal to the disc and passing through the centre), and rotating with angular speeds and are brought into contact face to face with their axes of rotation coincident.(a) What is the angular speed of the two-disc system? (b) Show that the kinetic energy of the combined system is less than the sum of the initial kinetic energies of the two discs. How do you account for this loss in energy? Take

(a) Let I1  and I2 be the moment of inertia of the two turntables respectively. Let  ω1  and ω2 be the angular speed of the two turntables respectively. So, we can say, Angular momentum of turntable...

### A bullet of mass and speed is fired into a door and gets embedded exactly at the centre of the door. The door is wide and weighs . It is hinged at one end and rotates about a vertical axis practically without friction. Find the angular speed of the door just after the bullet embeds into it.

Velocity is given as v = 500 m/s Mass of bullet is given as m = 10 g or 10 × 10–3 kg The width of the door is given as L = 1 m The radius of the door is given as r = 1 / 2 Mass of the door is given...

### A man stands on a rotating platform, with his arms stretched horizontally holding a weight in each hand. The angular speed of the platform is 30 revolutions per minute. The man then brings his arms close to his body with the distance of each weight from the axis changing from to . The moment of inertia of the man together with the platform may be taken to be constant and equal to .(a) What is his new angular speed? (Neglect friction.)(b) Is kinetic energy conserved in the process? If not, from where does the change come about?

Mass of each weight is given as 5 kg The moment of inertia of the man-platform system is given as 7.6 kg m2 So, the moment of inertia when his arms are fully stretched to 90 cm can be calculated as,...

### As shown in Figure the two sides of a step ladder BA and CA are long and hinged at A. A rope DE, m is tied halfway up. A weight is suspended from a point F, from B along with the ladder BA. Assuming the floor to be frictionless and neglecting the weight of the ladder, find the tension in the rope and forces exerted by the floor on the ladder. (Take ) (Hint: Consider the equilibrium of each side of the ladder separately.)

Solution: The above figure can be redrawn as, where, $N_{B}$ is the force being applied by floor point $B$ on the ladder $N_{c}$ is the force being applied by floor point $C$ on the ladder The...

### A solid cylinder rolls up an inclined plane of the angle of inclination At the bottom of the inclined plane, the centre of mass of the cylinder has a speed of .(a) How far will the cylinder go up the plane?(b) How long will it take to return to the bottom?

initial velocity of the solid cylinder is given $v=5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ Angle of inclination is given as $\theta=30^{\circ}$ We assume that the cylinder goes up to a height of $h$, so we get:...

### The oxygen molecule has a mass of and a moment of inertia of about an axis through its centre perpendicular to the lines joining the two atoms. Suppose the mean speed of such a molecule in a gas is and that its kinetic energy of rotation is two-thirds of its kinetic energy of translation. Find the average angular velocity of the molecule.

Mass of one oxygen molecule is given as $m=5.30\times10^{-26}kg$ So, the mass of each oxygen atom will be $\frac{m}{2}$ Moment of inertia is given as $I=1.94\times10^{-46}kg m^{2}$ Velocity of the...

### A hoop of radius weighs . It rolls along a horizontal floor so that its centre of mass has a speed of How much work has to be done to stop it?

Radius of the ring is given as $r=2 \mathrm{~m}$ Mass of the ring s given as $m=100 \mathrm{~kg}$ Velocity of the hoop is given as $v=20 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{s}=0.2 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ Total...

### A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined planes of the same heights but different angles of inclination. (a) Will it reach the bottom with the same speed in each case? (b) Will it take longer to roll down one plane than the other? (c) If so, which one and why?

(a) Let m be the mass of the ball let h be the height of the ball let v be the final velocity of the ball at the bottom of the plane The ball possesses Potential energy $mgh$ at the top of the...

### Explain why (d) A fluid flowing out of a small hole in a vessel results in a backward thrust on the vessel (e) A spinning cricket ball in air does not follow a parabolic trajectory

Answer : (d) This is due to the conservation of momentum principle. The vessel gains backward motion while the flowing fluid gains forward momentum. (e) If there had been no air, a spinning cricket...

### Explain why (c) The size of the needle of a syringe controls flow rate better than the thumb pressure exerted by a doctor while administering an injection

Answer : (c) The needle size determines the flow velocity, while thumb pressure determines the pressure. Bernoulli's theorem states that P + 1/2pv2 = constant. The pressure P has a single power in...

### Explain why (a) To keep a piece of paper horizontal, you should blow over, not under, it (b) When we try to close a water tap with our fingers, fast jets of water gush through the openings between our fingers

Answer : (a) When we blow over a piece of paper, the velocity of the air above it becomes greater than the velocity of the air below it. According to Bernoulli's theorem, as the K.E. of air above...

### Fill in the blanks using the word(s) from the list appended with each statement:

(c) For solids with an elastic modulus of rigidity, the shearing force is proportional to … , while for fluids, it is proportional to … (shear strain/rate of shear strain) (d) For a fluid in a...

### Fill in the blanks using the word(s) from the list appended with each statement: (a) The surface tension of liquids generally … with temperatures (increases/decreases) (b) The viscosity of gases … with temperature, whereas the viscosity of liquids … with temperature (increases/decreases)

Answer : (a) Decreases (b) increases; decreases

### Explain why (c) Surface tension of a liquid is independent of the area of the surface (d) Water with detergent disolved in it should have small angles of contact. (e) A drop of liquid under no external forces is always spherical in shape

Answer : (c) Because of surface tension, a liquid will always try to obtain the smallest possible surface area. A liquid drop will always take the shape of a sphere under zero external pressures...

### Explain why (a) The angle of contact of mercury with glass is obtuse, while that of water with glass is acute. (b) Water on a clean glass surface tends to spread out while mercury on the same surface tends to form drops. (Put differently, water wets glass while mercury does not.)

Answer : (a) Water molecules exhibit weak intermolecular interactions but are attracted to solids by a strong force. As a result, they flow out. Mercury molecules, on the other hand, have a stronger...

### A cyclist is riding with a speed of 27 km/h. As he approaches a circular turn on the road of a radius of 80 m, he applies brakes and reduces his speed at the constant rate of 0.50 m/s every second. What is the magnitude and direction of the net acceleration of the cyclist on the circular turn?

Answer : According to the question, the speed of the cyclist is 27 km/h Or, 27 x (5/18) = 7.5 m/s And radius of the road is 80 m The braking and the centripetal acceleration cause the net...

### A fighter plane flying horizontally at an altitude of 1.5 km with a speed of 720 km/h passes directly overhead an anti-aircraft gun. At what angle from the vertical should the gun be fired for the shell with muzzle speed 600 m s-1 to hit the plane? At what minimum altitude should the pilot fly the plane to avoid being hit? (Take g = 10 m s-2 ).

Answer : According to the question, speed of the fighter plane is 720 km/h or, 720 x (5/18) = 200 m/s Altitude of the plane is1.5 km and the velocity of the shell is 600 m/s From the diagram above,...

### A bullet fired at an angle of 30° with the horizontal hits the ground 3.0 km away. By adjusting its angle of projection, can one hope to hit a target 5.0 km away? Assume the muzzle speed to be fixed, and neglect air resistance.

Ans: According to the question, the bullet is fired at an angle of 30° And the bullet impacts the ground at a distance = 3km or  3000 m Exprsssion for the Horizontal range is : R = u2 sin2θ/g Upon...

### The position of a particle is given by

$r=3.0t\hat{i}-2.0{{t}^{2}}\hat{j}+4.0\hat{k}m$ Where t is in seconds and the coefficients have the proper units for r to be in meters. (a) Find the ‘v’ and ‘a’ of the particle? (b) What is the...

### An aircraft is flying at a height of 3400 m above the ground. If the angle subtended at a ground observation point by the aircraft positions 10.0 s apart is 30°, what is the speed of the aircraft?

Answer : According to the question, the aircraft is flying at a height = 3400 m Let A and B represent the positions of aircraft which make an angle ∠AOB = 300. OC is a perpendicular drawn on AB. OC...

### Can we associate a vector with (i) a sphere (ii) the length of a wire bent into a loop (iii) a plane area Clarify for the same.

Answer - No, No, Yes (i) We can't identify a sphere's volume with a vector, but we can associate a sphere's area with an area vector. (ii) A vector cannot be associated with the length of a wire...

### As a vector is having both direction and magnitude, then is it necessary that if anything is having direction and magnitude it is termed as a vector? The rotation of an object is defined by the angle of rotation about the axis and the direction of rotation of the axis. Will it be a rotation of a vector?

Answer - No and no A physical quantity that has both direction and magnitude is not always referred to as a vector. The current, for example, is a scalar quantity despite having direction and...