i. Mycoplasma ii. Ostrich eggs iii. Human RBC iv. Bacteria Options: a. i, iv, iii & ii b. i, iii, iv & ii c. ii, i, iii & iv d. iii, ii, i & iv A)correct option -A B)Explanation of...
Which of the following stains is not used for staining chromosomes?
a. Basic Fuchsin b. Safranin c. Methylene green d. Carmine A)correct option -A B)Explanation of correct option - Basic fuchsin staining is certified to use for the detection of acid-fast bacilli and...
Which one of these is not a eukaryote?
a. Euglena b. Anabaena c. Spirogyra d. Agaricus A)correct option -A B)Explanation of correct option - Euglena is a prokaryotic because it does not not any cell organelles and nucleus is not bounded...
Select one which is not true for ribosome
a. Made of two subunits b. Form polysome c. May attach to m+RNA d. Have no role in protein synthesis A)correct option -D B)Explanation of correct option - The main function of ribosomes is to...
Comment on the statement “living state is a non-equilibrium steady-state to be able to perform work”.
In a biological system of an organisms , metabolic reactions always remain same as an influx and efflux of metabolites take place constantly, therefore , it can be known that living state is a...
Nucleic acids exhibit secondary structure, justify with example.
DNA and RNA are known in the form of helix . DNA is a double helix structure and RNA is a single-stranded helical form structure. As helix is known to be a secondary structure, that why nucleic...
Schematically represent primary, secondary and tertiary structures of a hypothetical polymer say for example a protein
Is rubber a primary metabolite or a secondary metabolite? Write four sentences about rubber.
●Rubber is the secondary metabolite because of its unknown function in plants cells physiology. ●It is obtained from plant as exude which is sticky in nature. ●Rubber is used for synthesizing tyre,...
Enzymes are proteins. Proteins are long chains of amino acids linked to each other by peptide bonds. Aminoacids have many functional groups in their structure. These functional groups are, many of them at least, ionisable. As they are weak acids and bases in chemical nature, this ionization is influenced by the pH of the solution. For many enzymes, activity is influenced by the surrounding pH. This is depicted in the curve below,explain briefly.
Dependence of enzyme on pH value is due to the presence of charge particle of amino acid at its active site, variation causes the changes in charge of amino acid. The enzymatic activity decreases...
Formation of the enzyme-substrate complex (ES) is the first step in catalysed reactions. Describe the other steps until the formation of the product.
a. Very first step,is that the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme which fits into the active site b. Then binding of the substrate will help the enzyme to alter its shape and size and...
What are the different classes of enzymes? Explain any two with the type of reaction they catalyse.
There are different type of enzymes like Oxidoreductase, Transferase, Hydrolase, Lysates, Isomerase, ligases etc . a) Oxidoreductase-These are those enzymes which help in oxidation and reduction of...
Nucleic acids exhibit secondary structure. Describe through Watson Crick Model.
Genetic material DNA is made up of two polypeptide chains which is arranged in a double helix form . The backbone is sugar-phosphate while the nitrogenous bases which is present on the inner side....
What is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleoside? Give two examples of each with their structure.
Nucleotides are the monomers of chemical name nucleic acid and are formed of nucleoside and phosphate group. On the other hand nucleosides are the made up of nucleotides. Adenosine, guanosine,...
Describe various forms of lipid with a few examples.
Lipids are divided into three categories: A.Simple lipids,B. compound lipidsC.derivatives. Simple lipids are made up of an esters of fatty acidseg: Triglycerol, fats and wax Compound lipids are made...
15. Describe the important properties of enzymes.
Solution: Almost all the enzymes are proteins. Important properties of enzymes are as follows: They have a higher molecular weight and are complex macromoleculesThey aid in the breakdown of larger...
14. Find out how much cellulose is made by all the plants in the biosphere and compare it with how much of paper is manufactured by man and hence what is the consumption of plant material by man annually. What a loss of vegetation!
Solution: Out of 170 billion tonnes of total organic matter, the Biosphere produces roughly 100 billion tonnes of cellulose. Paper production uses roughly 0.5 billion tonnes of wood. Food,...
13. Find out a qualitative test for proteins, fats and oils, amino acids and test any fruit juice, saliva, sweat and urine for them.
Solution: Qualitative test for proteins Biuret test: The presence of proteins is detected by the biuret test, which changes the colour of the solution from light blue to purple. Qualitative test for...
12. What are gums made of? Is Fevicol different?
Solution: Gums are heteropolysaccharides made up of monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic linkages. Fevicol, on the other hand, differs from gums in that it is made up of synthetic...
11. Draw the structure of the amino acid, alanine.
Solution: The structure of Alanine is as follows:
10. Attempt titrating an amino acid against a weak base and discover the number of dissociating
(ionizable) functional groups in the amino acid. Solution: The amino acid's pH is measured, and the weak base is gradually added to the amino acids while the pH is monitored. In the acidic range,...
9. Can you attempt building models of biomolecules using commercially available atomic models (Ball and Stick models).
Solution: Yes, the ball and stick model can be used to represent biomolecules. Sticks depict the bonds that hold the molecule together, while balls represent the atoms. A model of D-glucose is shown...
8. Can you describe what happens when milk is converted into curd or yoghurt, from your understanding of proteins
Solution: Casein, a milk protein, is denatured during fermentation, transforming globular proteins into fibrous proteins. Curd or yoghurt is produced as a result of this transformation.
7. Explain the composition of triglyceride.
Solution: Triglycerides are formed when glycerol forms ester linkages with three fatty acids on each of the OH groups. In pure fat, the three fatty acids in triglyceride are similar, however in...
6. Find out and make a list of proteins used as therapeutic agents. Find other applications of proteins (e.g., Cosmetics etc.)
Solution: Following are the list of proteins used as therapeutic agents. Insulin, Oxytocin, Immunoglobin, Antidiuretic Hormone( ADH), Thrombin, Fibrinogen, Renin and streptokinases. Some other...
5. Proteins have primary structure. If you are given a method to know which amino acid is at either of the two termini (ends) of a protein, can you connect this information to purity or homogeneity of a protein?
Solution: The main structure of a protein refers to its positional information. The N-terminal amino acid is the first amino acid in a protein, while the C-terminal amino acid is the last amino acid...
4. Find and write down structures of 10 interesting small molecular weight biomolecules. Find if there is any industry which manufactures the compounds by isolation. Find out who are the buyers.
Solution: CompoundManufacturerBuyerStarchPremier starch products private limitedResearch institutes and laundriesLiquid GlucoseImperial liquid glucoseUsed in making flavored drink and in...
3. What is meant by tertiary structure of proteins?
Solution: It's a hollow, wollen ball-like structure that emerges when secondary coiled polypeptides are folded together. It's folded so that the active side groups are on the outside and the...
2. Illustrate a glycosidic, peptide and a phospho-diester bond.
Solution: Glycosidic bond – A glycosidic linkage is the connection between separate monosaccharides. This bond is formed between two carbon atoms of two monosaccharide units that are nearby. Peptide...
1. What are macromolecules? Give examples.
Solution: Macromolecules are biomolecules that are created by polymerizing a large number of smaller micromolecules with a larger molecular weight. Due to their insoluble nature, micromolecules are...
What are essential and non-essential amino acids? Give two examples of each type.
Essential amino acids are those that are required by the human body but cannot be synthesized by the body. They must be obtained from an outside source, such as food. Consider the amino acids...