Solution: Cardiac cycle: Blood circulates in the heart due to the alternate contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart.Diastole refers to the relaxation or expansion phase, whereas...
Solution:In water plants like Pistia and Eichhornia, leaves and roots are found near the Nodal region between two internodes.
Solution: The atrioventricular bundle (AV) sends the cardiac impulse from the AV node to the ventricle walls, whereas the atrioventricular node (AVN) sends the impulse from the SA node. The action...
Solution: The sinoatrial or sinus node (SAN) is a specialized bundle of neurons that generates action potentials and generates a cardiac impulse without any external stimulation, making it auto...
Solution:In swampy areas like the Sunderbans in West Bengal, plants bear special roots called pneumatophores that show negative geotropic movement.
Solution:In Australian Acacia, the petiole takes the shape of the leaf and turns green to perform the function of photosynthesis.Asparagus spears continue to grow, flat, green, leaflike...
Solution: The terms ‘myo' and ‘genic' refer to muscle and genesis, respectively. The sino-atrial or sinus node (SA node) is capable of generating an impulse that extends across the heart wall,...
Solution: Through rigorous investigation, an evolutionary alteration in the heart pattern among vertebrates have been discovered. Vertebrates have a chambered heart that is muscular. They've...
Explanation:
Solution: The differences are as follows: (a) Blood and Lymph LymphBloodIt's a type of white tissue fluid.It's a liquid connective tissue that's red in color.The lymph vessels carry lymph.Blood...
Solution: The term "double circulation" refers to the fact that blood flows twice in the heart. The atrioventricular septum divides the heart into four chambers, the right and left halves, allowing...
Solution: Blood is a circulatory fluid that transports oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic wastes throughout the animal body. The lymphatic system, which consists of lymph nodes and lymph veins, is...
Solution: Blood is a connective tissue that is generated from the mesoderm and contains plasma, an extracellular matrix. It is a plentiful and extensively dispersed tissue throughout the body....
Solution:In some plants such as Rhizophora growing in swampy areas, many roots come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards. Such roots, called pneumatophores, help to get oxygen for root...
Column IColumn II(a) Eosinophils(i) Coagulation(b) RBC(ii) Universal Recipient(c) AB Group(iii) Resist Infections(d) Platelets(iv) Contraction of Heart(e) Systole(v) Gas transport Solution: The...
Solution: Plasma is responsible for blood's fluid-like consistency. It's the straw-colored liquid that aids in the transportation of food, waste, carbon dioxide, and other salts. Plasma makes up...
Solution: The following are the components of blood's produced elements: • Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are oxygen-carrying cells that also contain the pigment hemoglobin. Hemoglobin...
Solution: Some animals that are found parasitic in humans are as follows: i. Ancylostoma (Hookworm) ii. Taenia (Tapeworm) iii. Enterobius (Pinworm) iv. Wuchereria (Filarial worm)...
Column I A. Aleurone layer B. Parthenocarpic fruit C. Ovule D. EndospermColumn II i. without fertilization ii. Nutrition iii. Double fertilization iv. Seed a. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv b. A-ii, B-i,...
Solution: The volume of air exhaled or inhaled during typical respiration is referred to as tidal volume (TV). For a healthy person, the tidal volume is roughly 500ml. A healthy person may exhale or...
Solution: The differences between all the following sets are as follows: (a) IRV and ERV IRV (Inspiratory reserve volume)ERV (Expiratory reserve volume)It's the amount of air that a person can...
a. Trifoliumb. Indigoferac. Lupind. CassiaSolution:Option (b) is the answer.Explanation: Indigofera belongs to the Fabaceae family and its common name is true indigo.
Solution: Hypoxia is a situation in which the supply of oxygen to the lungs is insufficient or reduced. Several external factors, such as a decrease in pO2, insufficient oxygen, and so on, induce...
Solution: The altitude rises as we go higher. The concentration of atmospheric oxygen is lower at this height, implying that the partial pressure of oxygen decreases. The lack of oxygen in this...
a. These plants are not angiosperms.b. Double fertilization is absent in them.c. Endosperm is not formed in them.d. Endosperm gets used up by the developing embryo during...
on oxygen transport?Solution: In the oxygen transport mechanism, $pC{{O}_{2}}$ plays a critical function. Oxyhaemoglobin is formed when low $pC{{O}_{2}}$ levels in the alveoli cause oxygen to bind to hemoglobin and...
Solution: The respiratory rhythm center in the medulla area of the brain is in charge of controlling the breathing process. The pneumatic center can change the function of the respiratory rhythm...
Solution: When comparing the pO2 and pCO2 in atmospheric air to those in alveolar air, (ii) pO2 will be higher and pCO2 will be lower. Each gas in a combination exerts a pressure known as partial...
a. Testab. Hilumc. Micropyled. ChalazaSolution:Option (b) is the answer.Explanation: Hilum is a structure attached to the ovule outer region and interiorly to the placenta.
Solution: The functional residual capacity can be used to express it (FRC). The volume of air that remains in the lungs following a normal expiration is referred to as the FRC. The expiratory...
Solution: The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration is known as vital capacity. It is equal to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), tidal volume (TV), and...
a. Solanaceae b. Poaceae c. Liliaceae d. Fabaceae Solution: Option (d) is the answer. Explanation: Fabaceae is a family that consists of members including pulses mainly.
a. Coconutb. Maizec. Orchidsd. CastorSolution:Option (c) is the answer.Explanation because endosperm is used up during the time of seed development.
Column IColumn II(a) Operculum(i) Ctenophora(b) Parapodia(ii) Mollusca(c) Scales(iii) Porifera(d) Comb plates(iv) Reptilia(e) Radula(v) Annelida(f ) Hairs(vi) Cyclostomata and Chondrichthyes(g)...
(a) Platyhelminthes (b) Aschelminthes (c) Annelida (d) Arthropoda Solution: Form the four given options the correct answer is (c) Annelida
Solution: No, the number of eggs or young produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother are not equal; the number of eggs produced by oviparous mothers is higher in comparison because fertilisation...
Solution: The following are some of the differences identified in birds that aid in flight: (i) Feathers are present. (ii) To aid flight, forelimbs are transformed into wings. (iii) Scales on the...
Solution: Air bladder in Pisces regulates Buoyancy which prevents fishes from sinking.
SolutionThe phylum chordate is distinguished by the presence of Notocard and paired pharyngeal gill slits. Adults, on the other hand, replace the vertebrata notocard in the embryo in the subfilm...
(a) Porifera (b) Ctenophora (c) Echinodermata (d) Chordata Solution: From the four given options the correct answer is (c) Echinodermata This is a trait of theirs. A perforated panel known as...
Solution: The causes of arthropods, which constitute up the largest group of animal kingdoms, are listed below. (i) They have jointed legs, which enable them to move about and perform a variety of...
a. Floral organs b. Flower in inflorescence c. Veins and veinlets in a lamina d. All of the above Solution: Option (c) is the answer
a. Taproots b. Fibrous roots c. Adventitious roots d. Nodular roots Solution: Option (c) is the answer.
Solution: The parasitic Platyhelminthes have the following characteristics: (i) Parasitic forms that live on their own. (ii) The observed bodily organisation is tissue organ grade. (iii)...
Solution: Direct developmentIndirect developmentIt can be found in fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals.Occurs in in vertebrate amphibiansThe embryo develops into a fully developed human without going...
Solution: Intracellular digestionExtracellular digestionIt can be found in lower organismsOccurs in multicellular organismsOccurs within cellsOutside the cell, within the cavity of the ailmentry...
Solution: Coelomates are animals that have a coelom, which is a bodily cavity or fluid-filled area lined by the mesoderm. The mesoderm does not cover the body cavity in some animals; instead, the...
Solution: The following are the steps to classify the specimen: (i) Determine the level of organisation: Determine how cells are organised at the cellular and tissue levels. (ii) Symmetry: Determine...
Solution Animals are classed based on shared characteristics such as cell organisation, body symmetry, coelom type, digestive tract, circulation, and reproductive system. It is impossible to handle...
a. – Ae b. – Onae c. – Aceae d. – Ales Solution: Option (c) Aceae is the answer
Solution: Option (a) it decrease is the answer . As we go higher from species to realm, the quantity of normal attributes continues diminishing. Lower the taxa, more are the attributes that...
Solution: Gymnosperms have the following main characteristics: (i) The ovules of Gymnosperms are not contained by the ovary. They are exposed to the environment both before and after fertilisation....
Column IColumn II(a) Chlamydomonas(i) Moss(b) Cycas(ii) Pteridophyte(c) Selaginella(iii) Algae(d) Sphagnum(iv) Gymnosperm Solution: Column IColumn II(a) Chlamydomonas(iii) Algae(b) Cycas(iv)...
Solution: MonocotsDicotsHave single cotyledon seedSeeds having two cotyledonsFlowers are trimerousFlowers are tetramerous or pentamerousVenation in leaves is parallel.Have reticulate venations in...
(i) red algae and brown algae (ii) liverworts and moss (iii) homosporous and heterosporous pteridophyte (iv) syngamy and triple fusion Solution: Following are the differences: i) 1. Chlorophyll a...
a. Proximal b. Distal c. Intercalary d. Anywhere Solution: Option (b) is the answer.
A. Root hair zone B. Zone of meristems C. Root cap zone D. Zone of maturation E. Zone of elongation Options: a. C, B, E, A, D b. A, B, C, D, E c. D, E, A, C, B d. E, D, C, B, A Solution: Option (a)...
(i) protonema (ii) antheridium (iii) archegonium (iv) diplontic (v) sporophyll (vi) isogamy Solution: i) Protonema is the haploid stage of the bryophyte lifecycle, during which a thread-like chain...
Solution: Heterosporis refers to the production of two different types of spores in the same plant. Heterospory's significance: (i) In gymnosperms and angiosperms, Heterosporis stimulates seed...
Solution: The following are the explanations for the distinction between angiosperms and gymnosperms. (i) The ovules in gymnosperms are naked, but in angiosperms they are encased within the ovary....
Solution: Importance of Gymnosperms (i) Gymnosperms are utilised as decorative plants. Some are bonsai trees that can be found in formal gardens. (ii) The fibres from these plants are used to make...
protonemal cell of a moss; primary endosperm nucleus in dicot, leaf cell of a moss; prothallus cell of a fern; gemma cell in Marchantia; meristem cell of monocot, ovum of a liverwort, and zygote of...
Solution: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms are the plants that bear archegonia. The life cycle of Bryophytes (i) Bryophytes produce gametes and are haploid. Bryophytes have multicellular...
Solution: The reduction division takes place in the following stages: (i) Liverworts – In the sporangium, meiosis occurs in the spore mother cells, culminating in the generation of haploid spores....
Solution: The presence of pigments that give algae its conventional colour is the primary criterion for categorization. Name of the pigmentColor impartedChlorophyll typeChlorophyceaeGreenChlorophyll...
(i) Primary structure When we discuss the primary structure of a protein, we refer to the exact sequence in which the amino acids are present. For example, the sequence of amino acid linkages in a...
Essential amino acids are those that are required by the human body but cannot be synthesized by the body. They must be obtained from an outside source, such as food. Consider the amino acids...
Solution: The differences are as follows: Anaphase of mitosis Anaphase I of meiosis The chromatids divide and the centromere separates. Sister chromatids remain connected at their centromeres...
Solution: a) Synapsis — During Zygotene of prophase-I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes link together. Synapsis is the term for this couple. b) A bivalent or tetrad is a pair of synapsed homologous...
Solution: In plants, food is constantly prepared in the form of glucose in the mesophyll cells of the leaves. The prepared meal is transformed to sucrose, which is then transported to the phloem's...
Solution: If a plant is kept in a solution having higher water potential, the following are the things that can happen- a) When water leaves a plant's cell and the cell membrane, the cell shrinks...
Solution: The following steps are involved in the formation of nodules: • Rhizobia colonize roots and attach themselves to epidermal and root hair cells. • Bacteria infect the root hair, causing it...
Solution: For Rhizobium to fix nitrogen, the following conditions must be met. The production of root nodules requires a symbiotic connection between Rhizobium and roots.The requirement for a...
Solution: Yes, DNA replication can occur throughout the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Each chromosome is made up of one chromatid, and the number of chromosomes remains constant. The chromosome is...
Solution: Yes, DNA replication can occur without the need for cell division. DNA replication is required to prepare cells for cell division. Cell division is the next logical stage after cell...
Solution: DNA synthesis or replication occurs during the S phase. For cell division to take place, DNA replication is required. Cell division is impossible without DNA replication.
Solution: (i)Honey bee drones are haploid insects that undergo cell division, and lower plants include Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, and Pteridophytes. They create haploid gametes by mitosis rather than...
Solution: Significances of Meiosis: • It maintains the number of chromosomes in each species over generations. • Increases the genetic variation of an organism's population from generation to...
Solution: The differences are as follows: MitosisMeiosisOccurs in somatic cellsOccurs in germ cellsThe number of chromosomes in the daughter cell is the same as in the parent cell.In comparison to...
Solution: Four daughter cells are generated during meiosis during the generation of male gametes (sperms) in human beings. During meiosis, the female gamete (ovum) divides into four daughter cells,...
Solution: Plant cytokinesisAnimals cytokinesisCell plate development causes this to happen.It occurs as a result of cleavage known as cell furrowing.The cell plate moves to the centre and expands...
Solution: (i)In Metaphase, chromosomes are transported to the spindle equator. ii) In Anaphase, centrosomes split and chromatids separate. iii) In meiosis, the pairing of homologous chromosomes...
Solution: Since the number of chromosomes in the parent and progeny cells is the same, mitosis is known as equational division.
Solution: In mature animals, certain cells will not divide, and many others will divide only when it is necessary to replace cells that have been lost due to injury or cell death. These cells depart...
Solution: The following are the events that occur during interphase: • G1 phase (Gap 1) - The cell is metabolically active at this time. It develops and prepares DNA for replication. • S phase...
Solution: The difference between karyokinesis and cytokinesis is- CytokinesisKaryokinesisDuring the M phase of the cell cycle, the cytoplasm divides into two cells.The M phase of the cell cycle...
Solution: A mammalian cell's average cell cycle lasts 24 hours.
Solution: The change in the turgidity of the guard cells is one of the factors that causes the stomata to open and close. The stomatal hole opens when guard cells become turgid, causing their thin...
Solution: When water is absorbed by roots through the xylem, it only travels upward. As a result, water transport is one-way. The phloem tissue transports the food. Food is created in the leaves and...
Solution: Endodermal cells have thickened radial walls as a result of lignin and suberin deposition. This blocks water and mineral apoplastic movement, enabling only symplastic mineral transport in...
Solution: The following are the factors that cause xylem sap to rise in plants: Mutual attraction between water molecules is referred to as cohesion. Water molecules are drawn to the polar surface...
Solution: The cohesion-tension model of water transport, which is formed by the loss of water or the process of transpiration from the pores of stomata of leaves, helps water rise in tall trees. The...
Solution: Root pressure is developed in plant roots due to active nutrient absorption from the soil. Water (together with minerals) increases the pressure in the xylem when nutrients are actively...
Solution: Mycorrhizal hyphae have a huge surface area, which aids in the absorption of water and minerals. As a result, plants' relationship with Mycorrhiza aids in the absorption of water and...
Solution: When pure water or a solution is subjected to a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure, its water potential increases.
Solution: The tendency of water to migrate from one location to another due to osmosis, gravity, and mechanical pressure is known as water potential. In other words, it is the difference between the...
Solution: The diffusion between all the following sets are- a) Diffusion and Osmosis DiffusionOsmosisIt is a form of passive transport in which a chemical moves from an area of higher concentration...
Solution: Pure water has the greatest water potential since it has its own kinetic energy and is constantly in random motion. When solutes are added to pure water, the kinetic energy of the water...
Solution: Protein pumps transport molecules through the cell membrane with the use of energy. These protein pumps transport the drug from a low-concentration area to a high-concentration area. They...
Solution: Porins are proteins found in the outer membranes of plastids, mitochondria, and some bacteria that produce huge pores. Molecules as small as small proteins can pass through the huge holes....
Solution: Factors affecting the rate of diffusion are: Concentration gradient Permeability of the membrane separating them are all factors that influence the rate of diffusion. Temperature \s•...
Solution: a) True b) False: Every mineral element found in a cell is not required by the cell. c) False- Nitrogen is a very mobile nutrient in plants. d) False- Since micronutrients are only...
Solution: The absorption process can be divided into two distinct phases. The first phase involves a passive uptake of ions into the apoplast, which is the cell's "free space" or "outside space."...
Solution: The emergence of symptoms is determined by the mobility of a missing element. Symptoms develop in juvenile portions of the plant if the deficient element is relatively stationary, while...
Solution: Plants that show signs of numerous nutrient deficiencies are grown in distinct water culture settings. Sets 1 through 3 are given three different nutrients and are grown in hydroponics...
Solution: Chlorosis is a loss of chlorophyll that causes the leaves to turn yellow. It is brought on by a lack of N, K, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Mo. Necrosis is the death of leaf tissue caused by a...
Solution: Macronutrients are nutrients found in plant tissues at concentrations of more than 10 mole kg-1 of dry matter. Plant growth necessitates a huge amount of them. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,...
Solution: Hydroponics is a way of growing plants without soil in a nutrient solution. Impure water has many contaminants in the form of soluble minerals that are dissolved in it. These contaminants...
Solution: No, only around 17 of the 105 elements taken by plants are required for plant development and survival.
Solution: Characters who are non-living have the following features There isn't any cellular structure.Like crystals, they can be preserved in bottles.No energy storage or liberation systems...
Solution: Viruses are infectious organisms that, when located outside the host cell, solidify in structure. The genetic material is either DNA or RNA (but never both), and it is found inside the...
Solution: Eugenoids have the following characteristics: no cell wall.Their bodies are flexible due to a protein-rich coating known as a pellicle.There are two flagella of differing lengths. In...
Solution: Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms. The kingdom fungus includes black dots on stale bread, yeast (which is used to make bread and beer), white spots on mustard leaves, and...
Solution: Fungi and algae form a symbiotic relationship in lichens. A phycobiont is a type of algae that is also seen in mycobiont fungi. Mycobiont provides structural protection for algae against...
Solution: These organisms are green and autotrophic, yet they hunt on and digest minute components for their nitrogen supply. Insectivores and carnivorous plants are somewhat heterotrophic....
Solution: The two economically important uses of- a) Vitamins, medicines, cheese, and curd are all made using heterotrophic bacteria. They aid in nitrogen fixation and the production of humus. b)...
The following are the reasons for the classification of drugs: (i) The pharmacological effect is based on the following: This definition is beneficial to physicians. It offers a wide range of...
(a) grain storage (b) wood storage (c) water harvesting (d) soil conservation Correct option – ( c ) Explanation - Khadins, Bundhis, Ahars and Kattas are all examples of water harvesting that...
Micelle is formed when soaps and detergents are dissolved in water. Micelle consists of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts. When present in water, they form spherical formations with their...
(i) Planned growth with minimum damage to the environment (ii) Growth irrespective of the extent of damage caused to the environment (iii) Stopping all developmental work to conserve the environment...
Emulsions are used for a variety of purposes. Four uses of emulsions have been listed below: (i) The cleansing action of soap is determined by the formation of emulsions. (ii) The emulsification...
Solution: The following are the four primary groups of Protozoa: Protozoa of the amoeboid class: They live in aquatic habitats and use pseudopodia to move and catch their prey. Flagellated...
Solution: The difference between viroids from viruses- (i) Viroids have single-stranded RNA without a protein coat, whereas viruses contain single-stranded or double-stranded RNA associated with a...
Shape-selective catalysis is a catalytic reaction that depends on the product molecules, the size of the reactants, and the pore structure and size of the catalyst. For example, a catalytic process...
Solution: In contaminated water, algal blooms can be discovered. Algae overgrowth, particularly blue-green algae, causes them (cyanobacteria). Their expansion pollutes the water supply. They breathe...
Solution: Cell walls of diatoms are unbreakable and embedded with silica, which imparts distinctive patterns to the walls. These diatoms deposit a lot of cell wall deposits in their habitat, which...
Solution: The scientific classification was initially introduced by Aristotle. He classified plants into trees, shrubs, and herbs based on simple physical characteristics. He separated the animals...
(I) The colloidal particles in multi-molecular colloids are an assemblage of atoms or tiny molecules having a diameter of less than 1 nm. The molecules in the aggregate are held together by Van der...
The general trends in chemical properties of the group – 15 are as follows:(i) Reactivity towards hydrogen:The elements present in group 15 undergo a reaction with hydrogen to form hydrides of type...
The plot of the amount of adsorption (x/m) against the pressure of the gas (P) at constant temperature is known as the adsorption isotherm (T). Three cases arise from the graph which are as follow...
Nitrogen is a chemically less reactive element because of the high stability of its molecular form ${{N}_{2}}$. In nitrogen molecule, the two nitrogen atoms form a triple bond among themselves....
The general trend in group 15 elements is described as follows:(i) Oxidation states: The group 15 elements require 3 or more number of electrons to complete their octet and have 5 electrons in...
(a) Name the endocrine gland associated with brain? (b) Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones? (c) Name the endocrine gland associated with kidneys? (d) Which endocrine gland is...