Chromatography is a term that refers to a group of scientific procedures that are used to purify, separate, characterise, and identify the species in a mixture, whether coloured or colourless. The...
During roasting, copper pyrites are transformed to a combination of Cu2O and FeO. During the smelting process, acidic silica is introduced to separate the FeO from the mixture. FeSiO3 (slag) is...
The various steps involved in zinc extraction are : (1) Concentration of oreZinc blende is crushed first to eliminate impurities from the ore, and then froth flotation is used to concentrate the...
At 500 – 800 K3Fe2O3 +CO → 2Fe3O4 + CO2Fe2O3 +CO → 2FeO + CO2 At 850 KFe3O4 +CO → 3FeO + CO2 At 900 – 1500 KFeO +CO → Fe + CO2CO2 + C → 2CO Above 1570 KC+ O2 → CO2FeO +C → Fe + COCaCO3(s) → CaO(s) +...
During the electrolytic refinement of copper, frequent components found in the anode mud include selenium, silver, tellurium, platinum, antimony, and gold.These metals are almost unaffected by the...
CO is a more effective reducing agent at 673 K because the value of ∆G( C,CO ) is bigger than ∆G( CO,CO2 ), implying that CO is more easily reduced to CO2 than C to CO.
Column chromatography: This is a great way to purify elements that are only present in trace levels. Column chromatography is commonly used to remove impurities that have chemical properties that...
Zone refining: The premise behind this approach is that contaminants are more soluble in molten metal than in solid metal. A rotating circular heater slowly glides over an impure metal rod or bar in...
Copper (I) sulfite has a lower ∆fG (Gibbs free energy of formation) than hydrogen sulfite and carbon disulfite (CS2). As a result, neither C nor H2S will be able to convert Cu2S to Cu.Because...
In froth flotation, the job of a depressant is to separate two sulphide ores by selectively preventing one ore from foaming. For example, to separate two sulphide ores, PbS and ZnS, NaCN is...
Copper's reduction potential is greater than that of zinc or iron. Iron and zinc can thus be employed to remove copper from a solution in hydrometallurgy. Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) ⇒ Fe2+ (aq) + Cu(s)...
Solution: The number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in an organic compound can thus be expressed as: Therefore, the empirical formula of the compound is C5H10O. Now, the empirical formula...
Solution: The phenoxide ion has the following resonance structures: The resonance structures of the phenoxide ion show that less electronegative carbon atoms carry a negative charge in II, III, and...
Solution: In the presence of an acid, an ester along with water is generated reversibly from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Because the reaction is reversible, if either water or ester is not...
Solution: Only one of the two −NH2 groups, which is connected directly to the carbonyl-carbon atom, undergoes resonance in semicarbazide. As a result, the electron density on the −NH2 group in the...
Solution: (i) According to the equation below, cyclohexanones produce cyanohydrins. There will be no steric hindrance in this situation, allowing the nucleophile CN– to attack with ease. However,...
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(i) (CH3)2CHCH(Cl)CH3 (ii) CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH(C2H5)Cl Solution: (i) 2 − Chloro − 3 – methylbutane (Secondary alkyl halide) (ii) 3 − Chloro − 4 – methyhexane (Secondary alkyl...
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Solutions:
Solution:
Decarboxylation is the process by which carboxylic acids lose carbon dioxide and create hydrocarbons when their sodium salts are heated with soda-lime. Decarboxylation occurs when alkali metal salts...
Cross-aldol condensation occurs when two different aldehydes, two different ketones, or an aldehyde and a ketone react together. If both reactants contain α-hydrogens, four compounds are produced as...
The self-disproportionation (oxidation-reduction) reaction of aldehydes with no alpha hydrogens, when treated with concentrated alkalis, is known as the Cannizzaro reaction. In this reaction, one...
Acetylation is the process of adding an acetyl function group to a chemical molecule. When this process is carried out, bases such as pyridine, dimethylaniline, and others are present. In this...
Solution:
Solution: (i) Propanal and propanone can be distinguished by the following tests. (a) Tollen’s test Because propanal is an aldehyde, it reduces Tollen's reagent. However, because propanone is a...
Solution: (i) The attacking species when HCN reacts with a compound, is a nucleophile, CN–. The reactivity of HCN decreases when the negative charge on the compound increases. The +I effect and...
(i) Coordination number is the number of nearest neighbours around a particle.(ii) (a) coordination number of close-packed structure is 12 (b) coordination number of body centred cubic...
Metallic : ( h ) Brass, ( i ) Rb Molecular : (a) Tetra phosphorus decaoxide (P4O10), (d) I2, (e) P4. Ionic : ( b ) Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4, ( j ) LiBr Amorphous : ( f )...
The arrangement of the constituent particles makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz. The constituent particles in glass are of a short-range order, but the constituent particles of...
Solution: According to the question, A is an organic compound having molecular formula C8H16O2. This gives a carboxylic acid (B) and an alcohol (C) on hydrolysis with dilute sulphuric acid. Thus,...
Solution: According to the question, the compound has molecular formula C9H10O and forms 2, 4-DNP derivative while also reducing Tollen’s reagent. Therefore, the given compound must be an aldehyde....
Compound ‘C,' with the molecular formula C6H7N, is created by heating compound ‘B' with Br2 and KOH, according to the formula. This is a decomposition of Hoffmann bromamide. As a result, compound B...
Solution: (i) One molecule of propanal acts as a nucleophile and the other molecule acts as an electrophile. (ii) One molecule of butanal acts as a nucleophile and the other as an...
Solution: Ethanal on reaction with dilute alkali produces 3-hydroxybutanal and then on further reduction with NaBH4 gives butane-1, 3-diol.
Solution: The compounds (ii) 2−methylpentanal, (v) cyclohexanone, (vi) 1-phenylpropanone, and (vii) phenylacetaldehyde contain one or more α-hydrogen atoms. Therefore, these undergo aldol...
Amorphous solids are solids having no regular arrangements of their constituent particles like ions, atoms or molecules. They possess short-range order i.e., a regular and periodically repeating...
Solution:
(i) The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde (ii) Cyclopropanone oxime (iii) Acetaldehydedimethylacetal (iv) The semicarbazone of cyclobutanone (v) The ethylene ketal of hexan-3-one (vi) The...
(i) CH3CO(CH2)4CH3 (ii) CH3CH2CHBrCH2CH(CH3)CHO (iii) CH3(CH2)5CHO (iv)Ph-CH=CH-CHO (v) (vi) PhCOPh Solution: (i) CH3CO(CH2)4CH3 IUPAC name: Heptan-2-one Common name: Methyl pentyl ketone (ii)...
(i) 3-Methylbutanal (ii) p-Nitropropiophenone (iii) p-Methylbenzaldehyde (iv)4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one (v) 4-Chloropentan-2-one (vi) 3-Bromo-4-phenylpentanoic acid (vii)...
A biodegradable polymer is a polymer that microorganisms can degrade. An example of aliphatic biodegradable polyester is a poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-CO-β-hydroxy valerate (PHBV).
The condensation polymerization of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol produces dacron. The reaction demonstrating the same is as follows:
(i) (ii) Solution: (i) The monomers of the given polymeric structure are hexamethylene diamine [H2N(CH2)6NH2] and decanoic acid [HOOC – (CH2)8 – COOH]. (ii) The following are the monomers that make...
The names and structures of the given polymers are as follows:
The [NH - (CH2)5 –CO] monomeric repeating unit of Nylon-6 is obtained from Caprolactam. The [NH – (CH2)6 - NH CO – (CH2)4 – CO] monomeric repeating unit of nylon-6, 6 is made up of diamine...
Application of neon gas:(a) Neon is filled in discharge tubes for advertising or decoration as it glows.(b) It is used for making beacon lights.(c) It is used alongside helium to protect electrical...
Noble gases have atomic radius that corresponds to the Van der Waal’s radius. Whereas, other elements consist of a covalent radius. The Van der Waal’s radius is bigger than covalent radius. For this...
(a) XeF4 is isoelectronic to ICl4–. And it has a square planar geometry. Its structure can be drawn as follows: (b) XeF2 is isoelectronic with IBr2–. It has a linear structure. Its structure can be...
The one that does not exist is NeF2 due to the small sizes of both neon and fluorine which causes high electronic repulsions among the atoms which disrupts the overall stability of the compound.
(1) Bond dissociation energy normally decreases while moving down a group because of the increase in the atomic size. However, F2 has a lower bond dissociation energy than Cl2 and Br2 because of the...
XeO3 can be obtained using the following two methods:1) \[6Xe{{F}_{4}}~+\text{ }12{{H}_{2}}O\to 4Xe\text{ }+\text{ }2Xe{{O}_{3}}~+\text{ }24HF\text{ }+\text{ }3{{O}_{2}}\]2)...
ClO– is isoelectronic with ClF.Total number of electrons in ClO– = 17 + 8 + 1 =26Total number of electrons in ClF = 17 + 9 = 26As ClF accepts electrons from fluorine to form ClF3 ,...
XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 are obtained through direct chemical reactions occurring between Xe and F2. The product of the chemical reaction depends upon the conditions of the...
The balanced chemical equation for the given reactions are as follows: (i) \[4NaCl\text{ }+\text{ }Mn{{O}_{2~}}+\text{ }4{{H}_{2}}S{{O}_{4}}\to MnC{{l}_{2}}~+\text{ }4NaHS{{O}_{4}}~+\text{...
( a ) H3PO3( b ) PCl3( c ) Ca3P2( d ) Na3PO4( e ) POF3? Let the oxidation state of phosphorous in each case be y.(a) H3PO33 + y + 3( -2) = 0y -3 = 0y =3 (b) PCl3y + 3( -1) = 0y = 3 (c) Ca3P23( 2 ) +...
A chemist named N.Barlett observed that PtF6 and O2 react with each other to yield a compound O2+[ PtF6]–.As the first ionization enthalpy of Xe (1170 kJ/mol) is very close to that of the...
(1) Preparation of HCl from Cl2 :\[C{{l}_{2}}~+\text{ }{{H}_{2}}O\to HCl\text{ }+\text{ }HOCl\] (2) Preparation of Cl2 from HCl (by Deacon’s process):\[4HCl+{{O}_{2}}~\to 2C{{l}_{2}}~+\text{...
(1) Reaction of chlorine with water: \[C{{l}_{2}}~+\text{ }{{H}_{2}}O~\to HCL\text{ }+\text{ }HOCL\] (2) Reaction of fluorine with water:\[2{{F}_{2}}~+\text{ }2{{H}_{2}}O\to 4{{H}^{+}}~+\text{...
Halogens appear to be coloured because they accept radiations from the visible spectrum. This causes excitation of the valence electrons to a higher energy level. The amount of energy required for...
Any two applications of ClO2 are as follows: It is used in the purification of water.It is used for bleaching.
Because of oxygen atom’s smaller size and higher electron density per unit volume, oxygen forms hydrogen bonds whereas chlorine does not form hydrogen bonds despite having similar electronegative...
Due to its high electronegativity and small size, fluorine forms only one oxoacid i.e HOF.
Halogens have a general electronic configuration of np5, where n =2 to 6. Thus, halogens require only one more electron to complete their octet and to attain the nearest noble gas configuration....
Sulphur dioxide harms the environment in many ways: The sulphuric acid formed when combined with water vapour present in the atmosphere causes damages to the plants, soil, buildings (those made of...
The steps which are required in the production of Sulphuric Acid by the contact process are mentioned as follows: Step 1: Sulphide ores or Sulphur are burnt in air to form sulphur dioxide or...
The aerosols which are responsible for the depletion of ozone are Freons or chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The molecules of CFCs break down in the presence of ultraviolet radiations and form chlorine...
More the value of lattice energy of a given compound, more will be its stability. The stability of an ionic compound depends on the value of its lattice energy. Lattice energy is directly...
Oxygen atom is smaller in size in comparison to sulphur atom. Since its size is small, it can form pπ−pπ bonds and form O2(O=O) molecule. Along with that, the intermolecular forces of attraction in...
The group 16 elements are collectively known as chalcogens.(i) The elements of group 16 have six valence electrons each. The general electronic configuration of these elements is ns2np4, where...
PCl5 can only act as an oxidizing agent and not as a reducing agent. The highest oxidation state that P can undergo is +5. In phosphorous pentachloride, PCl5, phosphorus is in its highest...
Catenation is much more common in phosphorous compounds than in nitrogencompounds because of the relative weakness of the N−N single bond as comparedto the P−P single bond. The self-linking tendency...
Ammonia is prepared in the industries on a large-scale with the help of the Haber’s process.\[{{N}_{2}}\left( g \right)\text{ }+\text{ }3{{H}_{2}}\left( g \right)\rightleftharpoons 2N{{H}_{3}}\left(...
Natural rubber is beneficial but also has drawbacks. The disadvantages of natural rubber are as follows: Natural rubber is sticky and soft at room temperature. At higher temperatures, above 335 K,...
Natural rubber is a cis-polyisoprene with double bonds between the two isoprene units, C2 and C3. Intermolecular interactions between the multiple isoprene units are relatively weak due to their...
One of the most popular initiator names and structures used in free radical polymerization is benzoyl peroxide.
Monomers used: (1) Vinyl chloride (CH2=CHClCH22=CHCl)(2) Tetrafluoroethylene (CF2= CF2 CF2=CF2)(3) Phenol (C6H5OHC6H5OH) and Formaldehyde (HCHO)
The term "thermosetting polymers" refers to cross-linked or heavily branched polymers that harden during the molding process. They cannot be softened any further by heating. For example, Bakelite is...
Free radical mechanism of ethene consists of three steps which are as follows:- (i) Chain initiation step: (ii) Chain propagation step: (iii) Chain termination step:...
The mechanism by which polymers are produced from two or more monomeric units is known as co-polymerization. There are several units of each monomer in a copolymer. Following are the two examples of...
Addition Polymerization Condensation Polymerization 1. Monomers must have either a double bond or triple bond 1. Monomers must have two similar or different functional groups 2. No by-products are...
Based on the number of intermolecular forces present in polymers, polymers are divided into the following groups: (a) Fibres (b) Elastomers (c) Thermosetting polymers (d) Thermoplastic...
(−NH—CHR—CO−)n is a homopolymer because it is derived from a single monomeric unit, (-NH-CHR-CO-)
Polymerization is the process of producing macromolecules with a large molecular mass falling in the range 10-3 -10-7u that are made up of repetitive structural units called monomers. A polymer is...
Functionality is the number of binding sites present in a monomer.The monomers ethene and propene, for example, each have a functionality of one.Each of the monomers 1,3-butadiene and adipic acid...
Natural polymers are polymers that occur naturally. Polymers derived from animals and plants are known as natural polymers. Protein, starch, cellulose, and other natural polymers are examples....
The following is the distinction based on their functions: DNA is the basis of heredity while RNA is not involved in heredity. The following are the differences between them based on their...
Globular proteinFibrous protein1. Globular protein consists of a polypeptide chain that is folded around itself which gives rise to a spherical structure.1. Fibrous protein is a fiber-like structure...
Polymers are macromolecules with a large molecular mass that are made up of repeated monomer-derived structural units. Polymers have an enormous molecular mass of 10-3-10-7u. Covalent bonds join a...
A nucleotide is formed when the three basic components of nucleic acids are combined (i.e., base, a pentose sugar, and phosphoric acid). As a result, a nucleotide is made up of three components:...
It is a molecule that is found in the nucleus of all live cells and is one of the constituents of chromosomes. There are two types of nucleic acid: ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid...
Vitamin A and Vitamin C are the two vitamins that are necessary for us since their deficiency can cause dangerous diseases, such as xerophthalmia (hardening of the cornea) and night blindness....
Vitamins are divided into two categories based on their solubility in water or fat. (a) Water-Soluble Vitamins: This category includes vitamins that are water-soluble. B vitamins (B1,B2, B12 etc.)...
Denaturation results in the uncoiling of protein helixes and the unfolding of globules. The core structure of the protein does not change, but the secondary and tertiary structures are destroyed....
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biological reactions. They are quite specific in nature, and they catalyze specific reactions for a certain substrate. The enzymes are named after a specific...
The carboxyl group of an amino acid can lose a proton and the amino group can take up a proton in the presence of water or aqueous solution, resulting in a dipolar ion known as a zwitter ion. As a...
The H-bonds formed between the -NH group of each amino acid residue and the -OH group of the adjacent turns of the α-helix aid in helix stabilization.
(i) Primary structure When we discuss the primary structure of a protein, we refer to the exact sequence in which the amino acids are present. For example, the sequence of amino acid linkages in a...
Essential amino acids are those that are required by the human body but cannot be synthesized by the body. They must be obtained from an outside source, such as food. Consider the amino acids...
(i) The glucose pentaacetate does not react with hydroxylamine. This demonstrates that glucose does not include a free -CHO group. (ii) Aldehydes produce hydrogen sulfite as a byproduct by giving...
(i) When D-glucose is heated with HI for a long time, n-hexane is produced. (ii) D-glucose is converted to D-gluconic acid when it is treated with Bromine water. (iii) After being treated with HNO3,...
Starch consists of amylopectin and amylose subunits. Amylose has a long linear chain of alpha – D (+)glucose units linked together by a C1-C4 glycosidic bond (alpha -link). Figure :- Amylose While...
(i) One molecule of α-D glucose and one molecule of β-D fructose are produced when sucrose is hydrolyzed. (b) When lactose is hydrolyzed, it produces beta-D-galactose and beta-D-glucose
Glycogen, commonly known as animal starch, is a type of carbohydrate found solely in animals. It is made up of polysaccharides. Glycogen and starch are the two primary sources of glucose in humans....
The glycosidic bond is formed when water is lost between two monosaccharide units bypassing via an oxygen atom. A glycosidic linkage, for example, connects two monosaccharide units, α-glucose,...
2-deoxyribose, galactose, ribose, and fructose are monosaccharides. Lactose and maltose are two disaccharides.
The two main functions of carbohydrates in plants are as follows:- (a) Starch and other polysaccharides act as storage molecules. (b) Cellulose is a polysaccharide that is present as a cell wall...
Reducing sugars are those carbohydrates that reduce Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent. These act as reducing agents due to the presence of free aldehyde and ketone groups. All monosaccharides...
Monosaccharides are simple sugars that contain one sugar unit and cannot be broken down further into simple sugars. The number of carbon atoms and the functional group present in a monosaccharide...
Solution:
Clothes are frequently washed with synthetic detergents instead of soaps. When soap ions are dissolved in water containing calcium ions, they create insoluble compounds that are useless. Synthetic...
Soap molecules form micelles around an oil droplet (drit) in such a way that the hydrophobic ends of the stearate ions are attached to the oil droplet and the hydrophilic ends of the stearate ions...
Soaps precipitate in hard water, but not in soft water, and can thus be used to determine the hardness of the water. Synthetic detergents, on the other hand, do not precipitate in both hard and soft...
Soaps contain sodium or potassium salts containing long-chain fatty acids. Magnesium and calcium are present in hard water. Insoluble calcium or magnesium salts of fatty acids occur when ions...
Detergents that are degraded by microorganisms are known as biodegradable detergents. They have hydrocarbon chains that are straight. For instance, sodium lauryl sulfate. Non-biodegradable...
(i) Cationic detergents: Compound detergents in which the cationic component has a longer hydrocarbon chain and a positive charge on the N atom are called cationic detergents. Quaternary ammonium...
In both soft and hard water, synthetic detergents are utilized, while soaps are used in soft water. Soaps are ineffective in hard water. As a result, synthetic detergents are preferable to soaps.
Alitame is a highly effective sweetener. It is tough to control the sweetness of food when using alitame as an artificial sweetener.
Sweetening chemicals such as saccharin, aspartame, and alitame are used to prepare diabetic sweets.
Artificial sweeteners are chemicals that are used to sweeten meals. Artificial sweeteners do not add calories to our diets and are not harmful to our health. Sucralose, aspartame, alitame, and...
Because aspartame is unstable at high temperatures, it can only be used in cold foods and beverages.
Food preservatives are chemicals that limit microbial growth in food. They minimize spoiling. Sugar, table salt, vegetable oil, propanoic acid salts, and sodium benzoate are examples of food...
Iodine tincture is a mixture of alcohol and water that contains 2-3 % iodine and is used to treat wounds.
When an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride is treated with sodium nitrite, nitrogen gas is released along with water and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The reaction can be written as...
When nitrogen is compared to phosphorus, nitrogen is comparatively of higher electronegativity. This causes a greater attraction of electrons towards nitrogen in NH3 than towards phosphorus atom...
Principle constituents of Dettol are chloroxylenol and alpha−terpineol.
Phenol is a chemical that can be used as a disinfectant as well as an antiseptic. As an antiseptic, a 0.2% phenol solution is used, and 1% of the solution is used as a disinfectant.
Magnesium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and aluminum hydroxide are antacids that neutralize excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach. The reason for releasing extra acid, on the other hand,...
Disinfectants and antiseptics are extremely effective against microorganisms. Antiseptics are used on living tissues while disinfectants are used for non-living surfaces. Cuttings, wounds, diseased...
Broad-spectrum antibiotics are medicines that work against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Chloramphenicol, for example. Acute fever, typhoid, meningitis, dysentery, TB,...
Antidepressant medications are used to alleviate the symptoms of depression. These medications contain enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of noradrenaline, a neurotransmitter. As a result, the...
Certain medications have a specific effect on specific receptors. Antacids and antiallergic medicines function on different receptors, thus they don't interfere. That's why antacids and antiallergic...
The forces responsible for holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes are:(a) Hydrogen bonding (b) Ionic bonding (c) van der Waals force (d) Dipole-dipole interaction
Chemotherapy is the application of chemicals for therapeutic purposes. Chemical agents are used for illness prevention, diagnosis, and therapy.
Because medicines can bind to several receptor sites, they should not be taken without visiting a doctor. As a result, some receptor sites may be harmed. When medicines are taken in higher doses,...
The macromolecules used as drug targets include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
The target molecules are the major molecules involved in a number of metabolic pathways that might lead to disease. Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids are the drug targets. Chemical...
The following are the reasons for the classification of drugs: (i) The pharmacological effect is based on the following: This definition is beneficial to physicians. It offers a wide range of...
In a benzene medium, common salt which is a typical crystalloid in an aqueous medium acts as a colloid. As a result, we can claim that colloidal substances do not belong to a distinct class of...
Solution : (ii) Alcosol: An alcosol is a colloidal solution in which the dispersed phase is a solid substance and the dispersion medium is alcohol. For example, a colloidal sol of cellulose nitrate...
Micelle is formed when soaps and detergents are dissolved in water. Micelle consists of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts. When present in water, they form spherical formations with their...
Emulsions are used for a variety of purposes. Four uses of emulsions have been listed below: (i) The cleansing action of soap is determined by the formation of emulsions. (ii) The emulsification...
Solution: (i) Electrophoresis: It is the process of causing colloidal particles to move randomly in response to an applied electric field. The anode attracts negatively charged...
Shape-selective catalysis is a catalytic reaction that depends on the product molecules, the size of the reactants, and the pore structure and size of the catalyst. For example, a catalytic process...
Some features of catalysis by zeolites are listed below:- (i) Zeolites are alumino-silicates that are naturally microporous. (ii) Because of their honeycomb-like structure, zeolites are...
a) Activity: The ability of a catalyst to enhance the rate of a reaction is referred to as its activity. The main factor, chemisorption, determines a catalyst's activity. The process should be...
(i) Sulphur trioxide is generated when sulphur dioxide is oxidised. Pt acts as a catalyst in this process. 2SO2(g) → Pt(s) + 2SO3(g) (ii) Ammonia is formed when dinitrogen and dihydrogen are...
The cleansing activity of soap is determined by emulsification and micelle production. The basic combination of soap contains sodium and potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids (R-COO-Na+). The...
Emulsifiers stabilise an emulsion by lowering the interfacial tension between the two liquids that make up the emulsion. Emulsifiers are long-chain compounds having polar groups. For instance,...
Colloids are classified in a variety of ways : (I) The dispersed phase and dispersion medium, or the physical state of the components, are referred to as components. As a result, depending on...
Enzymes are large protein molecules with a high molecular mass. When they are dissolved in water, colloidal solutions are created. Living plants and animals manufacture these complex nitrogenous...
(I) The colloidal particles in multi-molecular colloids are an assemblage of atoms or tiny molecules having a diameter of less than 1 nm. The molecules in the aggregate are held together by Van der...
Lyophilic sols - Lyophilic sols are colloidal sols made by combining ingredients like gum, gelatin, starch, and others in a liquid called the dispersion medium. These sols are reversible in nature....
Effect of pressure : Because adsorption is a reversible process that is accompanied by a decrease in pressure, adsorption increases as pressure rises. Effect of temperature : According to...
Colloidal solutions can be classified as follows on the basis of their dispersed phase and dispersion medium : Dispersed phase Dispersion medium Type of colloid Example 1. Solid Solid Solid Sol...
The process of adsorption is always exothermic. There are two ways to understand this which are as follows :- (I) The residual forces on the adsorbent's surface are reduced as a result of...
Heterogeneous catalysis is a catalytic process in which the catalyst and reactants are present in different phases. This form of heterogeneous catalytic action is explained by the adsorption theory....
Activation of adsorbent is the process of increasing the adsorption power of the adsorbent. The following methods are used to activate adsorbents: (I) Increasing the adsorbent surface area. This can...
The plot of the amount of adsorption (x/m) against the pressure of the gas (P) at constant temperature is known as the adsorption isotherm (T). Three cases arise from the graph which are as follow...
Factors influencing the adsorption of gas on a solid:- (1) Nature of the gas : Easily liquefiable gases, such as NH3, HCl, etc., have strong Van der Waal forces, so they are adsorbed to a greater...
Because adsorption is a surface phenomenon, it is directly proportional to the surface area. Due to its large surface area, a finely split material acts as a good adsorbent. With an increase in...
Physisorption Chemisorption The adsorbate attaches to the surface of the adsorbent by weak van der Waal’s forces of attraction. The adsorbate...
Absorption is the phenomenon of uniform distribution of a substance throughout the bulk of the solid and liquid. It is a bulk phenomenon. For example, absorption of water into the bulk of a sponge....