Answer: Gene therapy is the process of inserting genes into existing cells in order to prevent or cure a variety of diseases. Assume a brain tumour is being formed by fast dividing cancer cells....

Answer: i) Nucleus Explanation- The nucleus uses the nucleotide sequence of DNA as a template to make mRNA. The enzyme RNA polymerase II catalyses this activity, which requires nucleotide...

Solution: Oogenesis is the process of formation of female gametes. Oogenesis is the type of gametogenesis through which ova, also called the female gametes. They are formed and the produced female...

Correct option:(D) None of these Explanation: Primary lymphoid organs:  Organs include the bone marrow and the thymus.  They create special immune system cells called lymphocytes. Organs where the...

Correct option:(A) 231 Explanation: The Y chromosome spans about 58 million base pairs and represents almost 2% of the total DNA in a male cell in humans. The human Y chromosome contains over 231...

Correct option:(C)30% Explanation: If a double-stranded DNA has 20% cytosine, it has 20% guanine.  Thus, C + G makes 40% of the total bases.  The remaining 60% includes both adenine(30%) and...

Correct option:(B) Fish Explanation: The coelacanth is an enormous, bottom-dwelling fish. It is unlike other living fishes in a number of ways. It has unique characteristics including a hinged joint...

Correct option:(C) 22  Solution: Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 in humans. Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both males and...

Solution:  A process of fusion of protoplast of somatic cells derived from different varieties and or species of plants on a suitable nutrient medium to produce the somatic hybrids is called somatic...

Solution: Spirulina is economically important as it can be grown easily on an industrial scale on cheap material like waste water from potato processing plants,molasses etc. It provides a large...

Solution: Levels of Biodiversity Genetic Diversity: It is basically the variety of species expressed at the genetic level by each individual in a species.  Example: Species of human beings, each...

Solution: Part 1: Parturition is the act of giving birth to the young; childbirth.  Fully developed foetus and placenta send signals for parturition which in turn induces mild uterine contractions...

Solution: Amniocentesis is a procedure used to take out a small sample of the amniotic fluid for testing.  This is the fluid that surrounds the fetus in a pregnant woman.  Amniotic fluid is a clear,...

Solution: Part 1: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) provide certain advantages to producers and consumers.  Part 2: Modified plants, for example, can at least initially help protect crops by...

Solution: Biopiracy is the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment. ...

Solution: In-situ conservation: Conserving all the living species, especially all the wild and endangered species, in their natural habitats and environment.  Example: National parks, biosphere...

Solution:Which fruits develop without fertilisation are called parthenocarpy. Explanation: Parthenocarpyis the development of fruit without fertilization.  Fruit resembles a normally produced fruit...

Solution:Chromosomal theory of inheritance is given by Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri. Explanation: Chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri...

Solution:Capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explants is called totipotency. Explanation: Capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/ explant ( any part of the plant taken out to...

Solution:Each restriction endonuclease recognises a specific palindromic sequence in the DNA. Explanation: Restriction endonuclease is found in bacteria. It is a part of the defence system of...

Solution:The Amazon rainforest is so huge that it is called the lungs of the earth. Explanation: Amazon rainforest has long been referred to as the ​“lungs of the earth”. Amazon rainforest is the...

Correct option:(b) Budding Solution: Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores. 

Correct option:(a) Mesozoic Solution: Mesozoic era is known as the golden age of the reptiles.

Correct option:(d) Alcoholism Solution: Cirrhosis develops when the factors that damage the liver like alcohol and chronic viral infections are present over a long period of time.

Correct option:(b) Bacillus Thuringiensis Solution: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), soil-dwelling bacterium that naturally produces a toxin that is fatal to certain herbivorous insects.  Toxin produced...

Correct option:(a)1986 Solution: The Environment (Protection) Act was enacted in 1986.  The objective of providing for the protection and improvement of the environment.  

Solution: During the process of mature follicle or graafian follicle various changes take place and the oocyte undergoes many differentiation after which finally the ovum is formed and the release...

Solution: Segment of DNA molecules which codes or specifies for one polypeptide chain is called a gene.  A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.  Genes are made up of DNA. It...

Solution: Methionine is specified by the codon AUG. It is also known as the start codon.  Methionine is the first amino acid to dock in the ribosome during the synthesis of proteins.

Solution: The breeding, rearing, and transplantation of fish by artificial means is called pisciculture.  

Solution: The breeding, rearing, and transplantation of fish by artificial means is called pisciculture.

Solution:   (a)-(4), (b)-(5),(c)-(1), (d)-(2), (e)-(3) ParaGard is an intrauterine device (IUD) like copper -T that can provide long-term birth control (contraception) . Lichens are the example of a...

Solution: Testes are located outside the abdominal cavity because sperm formation requires a temperature lower than the body temperature.  It is because scrotum has a temperature 1-3 degree Celsius...

Solution: PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction.  Multiple copies of the gene of interest are synthesized in vitro under three steps. Denaturation :  In...

Solution: Primary sewage treatment is a physical process that removes large impurities. Secondary sewage treatment is a biological process that removes organic matter of sewage through the action of...

Solution: Sewage is a water-carried waste matter that is discarded away in sewers and drains.  It is also known as domestic or municipal wastewater.  Sewage can be harmful due to several reasons...

Solution: Antibodies are glycoproteins which are highly specific to antigens.  They are also known as immunoglobulins (Igs).  They have a 'Y' shaped structure.  It consists of four polypeptide...

Solution: Plasmodium has a complex life cycle.  It can be distinguished into three stages: Stage 1: Gametocytes During a blood meal, the male and female gametocytes are transmitted through...

Solution: DNA is the repository of genetic information.  DNA codes for proteins through mRNA.  A process by which mRNA is synthesized on a DNA template is called transcription.  The genetic message...

Solution:   Part 1: Lac operon:(lac means  lactose) A polycistronic structural gene is regulated by a common promoter and regulatory genes. Such arrangement is very common in bacteria and is...

Solution: Greenhouse effect is the process by which radiations from the sun are absorbed by the greenhouse gases and not reflected back into space.  A greenhouse is a house made of glass that can be...

Solution: Morphological adaptations in xerophytic plants are: Stems of woody xerophytes are comparatively stunted, hard and rigid and covered with thick bark. Example: Acacia arabica. Main stem and...

Solution: Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern .  Genes associated with conditions are located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes ....

Solution:   Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Two parents are involved Single parent is involved It require the formation of gametes It doesn’t require the formation of gametes...

Solution: Downstream processing is the process of purification and separation of products of recombinant DNA technology. Process of downstream processing are : Removal of insolubles: Obtaining...

Solution: Causes of water pollution: Urbanization. Deforestation. Industrial effluents. Social and Religious Practices. Use of Detergents and Fertilizers. Agricultural run-offs- Use of insecticides...

Solution: Part 1: Any physiological, behavioural or morphological attribute of an organism that enables it to.  Surviving and reproducing in its respective habitat is called an ecological...

Solution: Humans have holozoic nutrition, that means the food is consumed as a whole and the digestion occurs internally. Ingestion of food-  Food is taken in the oral cavity in the process called...

Solution: A reflex arc is a simple nervous pathway which is responsible for the sudden reaction known as the reflex action. The afferent/sensory neurons are present in the receptor organ which...

Solution: Factors Affecting Water Absorption: Available of soil water: Plant absorbs capillary water, which is present in soil.  Absorption of water depends on the amount of capillary water present...

Solution: Part 1: The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast in a plant cell.  Stroma is the colorless fluid that surrounds the grana of the chloroplast, where the first step of...

Solution: Part 1: Vermicompost manure is a manure made with the help of earthworms, hence the name as vermicompost.  Earthworms take in soil and organic matter and let it out as casts.  This cast is...

Solution: Physical Problems: During adolescence, many bodily or physical changes take place.  Menstruation and nightfall become a phenomenon for girls and boys. Development of sex glands takes...

Solution: Part 1: Biodiversity is the variety of organisms which include plants, animals, and microbes in a particular habitat. Effects for the conservation of biodiversity are: In order to conserve...

Solution: Part 1: Mimicry is the similarities between animal species. Part 2: There are three forms of mimicry utilized by both predator and prey are: Batesian mimicry Muellerian mimicry...

Solution: Part 1: Phototropism is the plant growth towards or away from light. Part 2: Importance of photoperiodism : It determines the Season in which a particular plant shall come to flower ....

Solution:

Solution: Neurons are specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit signals throughout the body. Structure of neurons contains: Dendrites: These are extensions of neurons that receive...

Solution: A tooth consists of enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp tissue.  Dental crown: A portion of a tooth exposed to the oral cavity. Tooth root: A portion below the dental crown is known as the...

Solution:   Tendons Ligaments Connects skeletal muscles to bones Connects bones to bones Tough and elastic Elastic Proteoglycan content is low Proteoglycan content is comparatively more White...

Solution: Part 1: Interferons are proteins produced by the animal body in response to viral infection.  They are named as such because they interfere with the proliferation of viruses.  Part 2: They...

Solution: Part 1: Biopesticides are pesticides that come from naturally occurring sources such as microorganisms, plants, animals. The three types of biopesticides are  Microbial pesticides...

Solution: Part 1: Yoga is a physical, mental and spiritual practice that originated in India. The word yoga is derived from the Sanskrit meaning “to yoke,” or “to unite” Part 2: Advantages of yoga...

Solution: Natality is the birth rate within a population.  When compared with the death or mortality rate, the growth or decrease in a population can be determined.

Solution: The number of deaths that have occurred due to a specific illness or condition.  Mortality rate is  expressed in population units as “per 100,000 people.”

Solution: A group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area is known as population.  

Solution: Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Oxygen is present when this form of respiration takes place. Oxygen is absent when this form of respiration takes place Gases are exchanged in...

Solution: Leaf veins become yellow. Sometimes with reddish brown tints and early leaf fall.   

Solution: Plants turn dark green (both leaves and stems) and appear stunted. Older leaves are affected first and may acquire a purplish discoloration. Leaf tips will brown and die, appear weak and...

Solution: Deficient plants become pale green to yellowish-green due to inhibited chloroplast and chlorophyll synthesis.  Leaves start to wither and dry, turning yellowish brown to brown.

Solution: Root pressure is the force that helps to drive fluids upward into the water-conducting vessels (xylem) in plants. It is primarily generated by osmotic pressure in the cells of the roots....

Solution: Suction pressure is the ability of a cell to absorb water by roots. Suction pressure always tends to equal DPD. DPD is directly proportional to the height of the plant and the...

Solution: Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure that is applied to a solution to halt the flow of solvent molecules.  This property is dependent upon the concentration of the solute particles...

Solution: Four greenhouse gases:  Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).  

Solution: Food chain is a system where a small animal is the food for a larger animal. Example of a food chain is a fly being eaten by a frog and then the frog is eaten by a larger animal.

Solution: A test-tube baby is a baby who is conceived by IVF.  IVF is in vitro fertilization. The word “vitro” means glass.  The fertilization is done outside the uterus in a glass vessel by...

Solution: Advantages of self-pollination: Purity of the race is maintained. No wastage of pollen grains.   Disadvantages of self-pollination: Seeds are less in numbers. Cannot be produced new...

Solution: Osteoporosis- The bones are brittle and weak and prone to easily break. Osteomalacia-Softening of our bones, caused by severe vitamin D deficiency.

Solution:   Tracheoles Bronchioles It is part of tracheal respiratory system in insects. It is part of respiratory system (lungs) in man. Fine intercellular tubes present deep into cells. These...

Solution: Demography is the scientific study of human populations. It is primarily with respect to their size, their structure and their development. It takes into account the quantitative aspects...

Solution:Cocos nucifera is the botanical name of coconut.  

Solution:Rafflesia Explanation: Rafflesia is the largest flower in the world. It is a complete root parasitic plant. Rafflesia is the parasite queen, which develops on members of the Vitaceae...

Solution:Scapula Explanation: Glenoid fossa of the scapula or the glenoid cavity is a part of the shoulder.  It is a shallow, pyriform articular surface. It is located on the lateral angle of the...

Solution:Thylakoid membrane Explanation: Photosynthetic pigments are located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.  In higher plants, chloroplast possesses two types of thylakoid...

Correct option:Theory of population growth was given by Thomas Robert Malthus.  Explanation: Theory was proposed by Thomas Robert Malthus.  He believed that a balance between population growth and...

Correct option:Outer membrane of pollen grain is called exine. Explanation: Outer shell is made of two layers.  The inner layer is called the intine which is made of cellulose.  Outermost layer is...

Correct option:Water absorption by using energy is called active absorption. Explanation: Absorption of water takes place by both active and passive absorption.  Water is absorbed against the...

Correct option: Liver secretes bile juice. Explanation: Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver. It helps the body absorb fat into the bloodstream.  It is a thick, yellow-green substance. It...

Correct option:(B) Solution: TMV has RNA as genetic material. Bacteriophage may have DNA or RNA as genetic material.

Correct option:(C) Solution: Regulatory gene in operon is i gene. Role of the regulatory gene in switching off operon is as follows: Regulatory gene codes for the repressor protein of the operon,...

Correct option:(C) Solution: Regulatory gene in operon is i gene. Role of the regulatory gene in switching off operon is as follows: Regulatory gene codes for the repressor protein of the operon,...

Correct option:(B) Solution: Human gametes have 23 chromosomes or one complete set of chromosomes.

Correct option:(D) Solution: A bioreactor is a complex system which is designed to produce compounds and substances with the help of cells or whole organisms. Compounds that are formed then used as...

Correct option:(D) Solution: Animal husbandry deals with the care and breading of livestock. Organic farming is an agricultural method that uses fertilizers of organic origin such as compost manure...

Correct option:(C) Solution: Diphtheria is an infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make a toxin. It is the toxin that can cause people to get very sick....

Correct option:(C) Solution: Isolation is the prevention of mating amongst interbreeding groups due to physical like geographical or ecological and biotic like physiological, behavioural, mechanical...

Correct option:(C) Solution: The law of segregation is also called the law of purity of gametes. According to the law, the two alleles of a gene separate during formation of gametes.

Correct option:(D ) Solution: Mendel proposed three laws: Law of Dominance The Law of Segregation Law of independent assortment

Correct option:(B) Solution: Trinucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA, which corresponds to specific amino acid is called a codon. An anticodon is also a unit of three nucleotides that are corresponding...

Solution:

Solution: Micropropagation is the method of large production of plantlets in a less time. A small piece of plant tissue is cultured in a sterile medium which later develops into new plantlets. An...

Solution: Polymerase-I: Enzyme that carries in the daughter nucleotides and DNA helicase is the one that unwinds the double helix to the replication. Polymerase-II: It is specialized repair...

Solution: An innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. It is particularly important in warding off bacterial and viral infections presenting at the mucosal cell...

Solution: It is a process in gene expression. Genetic information flows from DNA to protein and this flow of information takes place in a sequential process of transcription and translation. Only...

Solution: Reasons for the success of Mendel are: Mendel concentrated in one or few characters at a time. He made controlled crosses and kept careful numerical records of the results. He suggested...

Correct option: (C) Solution: Triple antigen DTP vaccine is a class of combination vaccines against an infectious diseases in humans. Examples:Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. Full form of DTP...

Correct option: (C) Solution: Pyrimidine bases present in RNA: Cytosine Uracil

Correct option: (A) Solution: Kaziranga National Park is a national park in the state of Assam. Rhino sanctuary is hosts two-thirds of the world's great one-horned rhinoceroses located in it. It is...

Correct option:(B) Solution: Males have one X and one Y chromosome. A picture of all 46 chromosomes in their pairs is called a karyotype. A normal male karyotype is written 46+ XY.

Correct option: (A) Solution: Sertoli cells are cell of the testes which is the male reproductive organ.  

Correct option: (A) Solution: Trapa is the hydrophytic plant. Hydrophytic plant means plants which live in water and adjust their surrounding.

Correct option: (C) Solution: A zygote is a product of the fusion of a male gamete with the egg cell. Gamete and egg cell are haploid and result in the formation of diploid zygote.

Correct option: (A) Solution: Dodo was a bird which cannot fly. This bird was found in the regions of Madagascar. The birds were transported by humans to different places and got extinct about in...

Correct option: (A) Solution: Echidna is a connecting link between mammals and reptiles. Echidna has both mammal and reptile characteristics. They lay eggs like reptiles and they have memory glands...

Correct option: (D) Solution: Cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. Common way syphilis is spread is through contact with an infected person's sore during sexual activity....

Correct option: (C) Solution: Linkage is the physical association of genes in a chromosome. It is not the Mendel’s law.

Correct option:(B) Solution: Heavy drinking takes an effect on the liver. It can lead to a variety of problems and liver inflammations such as steatosis, or fatty liver.

Correct option: (D) Solution: Filariasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti that inhabit the lymphatic vessels. Wuchereria bancrofti is a thread-like filarial nematode (roundworm) and belongs to...

Correct option: (A) Solution: A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA strand is also known as the triplet codon. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid. Sixty-four different type of...

Correct option: (A) Solution: Basic and functional unit of heredity is called Gene. Gene is made up of DNA and contains hereditary information. In a diploid cell, when two copies of a particular...

Correct option: (D) Solution: Male gamete moves towards the secondary nucleus and fuses with it. This phenomenon is called as triple fusion. Results in the formation of a triploid primary endosperm...

Correct option: (D) Solution: Antigen is substance that is capable of stimulating an immune response. It activates lymphocytes, which are the body's infection-fighting white blood cells. Two main...

Correct option: (B) Solution: HIV attacks a specific type of immune system cell in the body. It is known as T cell. When HIV destroys this cell, it becomes harder for the body to fight off other...

Correct option: (B) Solution: Widal test is done to conform typhoid fever. To diagnose malaria another appropriate blood test is required. Widal test (a serological test) is done in second week of...

Correct option: (A) Correct: Sugars which is present in the nucleotide are ribose or deoxyribose. Nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines and purines. Phosphate is already phosphoric acid. Nucleotide is...

Correct option:(C) Solution: A food chain is a pathway showing the flow of energy. Food chain is a sequence of organisms where each food source is dependent to the next level. Grass forms the food...

Correct option:(B) Solution: Kanha Tiger Reserve hosts populations of various animals like tigers, leopards, wild dog foxes and jackals. Reserved house has around 300 species of birds. Kanha...

Correct option: (D) Solution: Various greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbon, ozone, nitrous oxide, and water vapor. So, the gas which is not a greenhouse gas is...

Correct option: (D) Solution: In a national park, protection is given to both flora and fauna.

Correct option: (A) Solution: Gametogenesis is the production of gametes from haploid precursor cells. Individual germ line cells are called germ cells. During gametogenesis, a germ cell undergoes...

Correct option:(B) Solution: Source of Eco RI is Escherichia coli. Eco RI is a restriction enzyme that cuts the DNA at a specific site.

Correct option:(A) Solution: All T cells originate from haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Three major types of lymphocyte are T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Lymphocytes...

Correct option:(A) Solution: Pasteurization is a method to preserve milk. In which the milk is heated to about 700°C for 15 to 30 seconds. After that suddenly chilled and stored. This method...

Correct option:(A) Solution: Pasteurization is a method to preserve milk. In which the milk is heated to about 700°C for 15 to 30 seconds. After that suddenly chilled and stored. This method...

Correct option:(A) Solution: Three different types of cry genes are: Cry IAB Cry IAC Cry IIAB IAB gene cry is responsible for managing borer pest in the corn. Genes IAC cry and IIAB cry are...

Correct option:(A) Solution: Chlorella is a genus of single-celled green algae. It belongs to the division Chlorophyta.

Correct option:(D) Solution: Hermaphrodite is an organism in which both the sex organs are present. Hen and snake are monosexual. Male and female reproductive organs are present in different...

Correct option:(B) Solution: An aril is also called arillus. It is accessory seed covering. It is outgrowth from a seed that covers the seed aril grows form the point of attachment of seed to ovary...

Correct option:(B) Solution: An oncogene is a mutated gene. It contributes to the development of a cancer. In their normal, unmutated state, onocgenes are called proto-oncogenes. They play roles in...

Correct option:(A) Solution: Micro-organisms essential for characteristic changes in the batter were identified and isolated. There is a sequential shift in the bacterial flora, Leuconostoc...

Correct option:(D) Solution: Ranikhet disease of domestic fowl and other birds caused by a paramyxovirus of the genus Rubulavirus. These disease affects the respiratory and nervous systems of birds....

Correct option:(C) Solution: Female “worker” bees produce honey from pollen and nectar. They collect from plants on their fuzzy bodies while pollinating.

Correct option:(B) Solution: Lichens are the best indicator of environmental pollution particularly SO2. Lichen is an association of algae and fungi. In areas of excessive SO₂ pollution, lichens...

Correct option:(C) Solution: During meiosis I in prophase I, crossing over takes place. Prophase I can divided into five stages are:leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis....

Correct option:(B) Solution: When offspring is produced by a single parent with or without the involvement of gamete formation is known as asexual reproduction. When two parents (opposite sex)...

Correct option:(C) Solution: Endosperm is triploid (3n) in most of the angiospermic plant. It has two polar nuclei fuse with a male gamete and three of them are haploid.

Correct option:(C) Solution: Totipotency means an ability to divide and produce new cells. This ability of a cell to grow and develop into a multicellular organism is called cellular...

Correct option:(A) Solution:   PCR is polymerase chain reaction. This test finds either the RNA of the HIV virus or the HIV DNA in white blood cells which is an  infected with the virus. PCR...

Correct option:(B) Solution: TMV has RNA as genetic material. Bacteriophage may have DNA or RNA as genetic material.

Correct option:(C) Solution: Regulatory gene in operon is i gene. Role of the regulatory gene in switching off operon is as follows: Regulatory gene codes for the repressor protein of the operon,...

Correct option:(B) Solution: Human gametes have 23 chromosomes or one complete set of chromosomes.

Correct option:(D) All of these Solution: A bioreactor is a complex system which is designed to produce compounds and substances with the help of cells or whole organisms. Compounds that are formed...

Correct option:(D) Organic farming Solution: Animal husbandry deals with the care and breading of livestock. Organic farming is an agricultural method that uses fertilizers of organic origin such as...