Solution: (a) Commensalism

Commensalism is the interaction between two species in which one benefits while the other stays unaffected. Barnacles adhering to a whale’s body and an orchid growing on mango tree branches are two examples.

(b) Parasitism

Parasitism is a type of interaction between two species in which one is positively influenced (usually the smaller one) and the other is negatively affected (usually the larger ones). The liver fluke, for example, is a parasite that lives inside the host’s body and feeds on it. The parasite benefits from the host because it gets sustenance from it, but the host is negatively affected since the infection lowers the host’s fitness, making its body feeble.

(c) The use of camouflage

It’s a strategy used by prey to get away from predators. Organisms are naturally colored in order to blend in with their surroundings and avoid predators. Several insect and frog species camouflage themselves to avoid being eaten.

(d) Mutualism

Mutualism is a type of interaction between two species in which both species benefit. Lichens, for example, have a mutual symbiotic connection with blue-green algae and fungi. Both parties benefit from each other in this situation.

(e) Interspecific competition

Interspecific competition is a negative interaction between individuals of different species as both species are negatively affected. For instance, in South American lakes, resident fish and flamingos compete for shared food resources, such as zooplankton.