12. Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms.
12. Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms.

Solution:

Gymnosperms have the following main characteristics:

(i) The ovules of Gymnosperms are not contained by the ovary. They are exposed to the environment both before and after fertilisation.

(ii) Gymnosperms comprise medium-sized trees and shrubs, as well as towering trees and shrubs.

(iii) The taproots are the fourth type of root.

(iv) The stems are either branched or unbranched

(v) Simple and complex leaves

(vi) The sporophyte plant body is divided into roots, stems, and leaves.

(vii) They are heterosporous because they produce two types of spores.

(viii) Fertilization occurs when there is no external water available due to syphonogamy..