(a) Radioactive wastes

(b) Defunct ships and e-wastes

(c) Municipal solid wastes

Solution: The following topics are explained below-

(a) Radioactive wastes

These are the wastes produced when radioactive materials are used to generate nuclear energy. This nuclear waste is high in radioactive materials, which produce enormous amounts of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, which cause mutation in living things, resulting in diseases like skin cancer. At excessive doses, these rays can be fatal. Radioactive waste disposal without causing harm is a significant challenge. Nuclear wastes should be deposited in suitably shielded containers after pre-treatment and then buried in rocks.

(b) Defunct ships and e-wastes

Dead ships are no longer in use ships that are no longer in use. In Pakistan and India, these ships are destroyed for scrap metal. Different toxicants, such as lead, mercury, and asbestos, are present aboard such ships, resulting in solid wastes that might be hazardous to one’s health. Electronic goods such as mobile phones, laptops, and other gadgets that are rich in metals such as iron, copper, gold, silicon, and other metals are referred to as e-waste. These metals are exceedingly poisonous and pose serious health risks. As a result, people in developing countries who assist in the recycling of these metals are exposed to harmful substances found in the waste.

(c) Municipal solid wastes

These are the wastes generated by offices, schools, retailers, and households. Metal, glass, food, rubber, leather, paper waste, and textiles are common. Municipal garbage is thrown in landfills and open dumps, which serve as breeding grounds for mosquitoes, flies, and other disease-causing bacteria. As a result, it is critical to properly dispose of municipal solid wastes to prevent disease transmission. Incineration and sanitary landfills are two options for safe solid waste disposal.