Solution:
Given: A deck of 52 cards.
Concept: Two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other.
Calculation:
(i) In a deck of 52 cards, there are 13 spades, 4 aces, and only one card that is both a spade and an ace.
Hence, the card drawn is a spade
the card drawn is an ace
the card drawn is a spade and ace both
(1)
And
From (1) and (2)
Hence, and
are independent events.
(ii) In a deck of 52 cards, 26 cards are black, 4 cards are king, and there are only two cards that are both black and king at the same time.
Hence, the card drawn is of black
the card drawn is a king
the card drawn is a black and king both
(1)
And
From (1) and (2)
Hence, and
are independent events.
(iii) In a standard 52-card deck, the queen, the king, and the jack are represented by four cards each.
Hence, the card drawn is either king or queen
the card drawn is either queen or jack
There are 4 cards which are either king or queen and either queen or jack.
the card draw
is either king or queen and either queen or jack
(1)
And
From (1) and (2)
Hence, and
are not independent events.