Answer the following questions:
(a) Quarks inside protons and neutrons are thought to carry fractional charges Why do they not show up in Millikan’s oil-drop experiment?
(b) What is so special about the combination e/m? Why do we not simply talk of e and separately?

(a) Inside protons and neutrons, quarks are considered to have fractional charges This is due to the fact that when nuclear forces are separated, they become stronger. As a result, fractional charges appear to exist in nature. Electrical charges are an inherent multiple of visible charges (e)

(b) The relation between magnetic field electric field,

and

Here,

electric charge

velocity

potential

Radius

magnetic field

The dynamics of an electron can be determined only by the ratio , not by e and m separately, as can be seen from these equations.