(a) Inside protons and neutrons, quarks are considered to have fractional charges This is due to the fact that when nuclear forces are separated, they become stronger. As a result, fractional charges appear to exist in nature. Electrical charges are an inherent multiple of visible charges (e)
(b) The relation between magnetic field electric field,
and
Here,
electric charge
velocity
potential
Radius
magnetic field
The dynamics of an electron can be determined only by the ratio , not by e and m separately, as can be seen from these equations.