Chemistry

A certain salt X gives the following results. (i) Its aqueous solution is alkaline to litmus. (ii) It swells up to a glassy material \mathbf{Y} on strong heating. (iii) When conc. \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} is added to a hot solution of \mathrm{X}, a white crystal of an acid \mathrm{Z} separates out Write equations for all the above reactions and identify X, Y, and Z.

Solution: The salt given to litmus is antacid. $X$ is, subsequently, a salt with a solid base, and a feeble corrosive. When $X$ is warmed unnecessarily, it additionally enlarges to frame material...

read more

When metal \mathrm{X} is treated with sodium hydroxide, a white precipitate (A) is obtained, which is soluble in excess of \mathrm{NaOH} to give soluble complex (B). Compound (A) is soluble in dilute HCI to form compound (C). The compound (A) when heated strongly gives (D), which is used to extract the metal. Identify (X), (A), (B), (C) and (D). Write suitable equations to support their identities.

Solution: The given metal $X$ gives sodium hydroxide to a white accelerate, and the encourage breaks up surpassing sodium hydroxide. $X$ must, consequently, be made of aluminum. The acquired white...

read more

Explain the following reactions (a) Silicon is heated with methyl chloride at high temperature in the presence of copper; (b) Silicon dioxide is treated with hydrogen fluoride; (c) CO is heated with ZnO; (d) Hydrated alumina is treated with aqueous \mathrm{NaOH} solution.

Solution: (a) Silicon is warmed with methyl chloride at high temperature within the sight of copper  A class of organosilicon polymers called methyl-subbed chlorosilane $\mathrm{MeSiCl}_{3},...

read more

Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following: (i) An aqueous solution of \mathrm{AgNO}_{3} with silver electrodes (ii) An aqueous solution \mathrm{AgNO}_{3} with platinum electrodes (iii) A dilute solution of \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} with platinum electrodes (iv) An aqueous solution of \mathrm{CuCl}_{2} with platinum electrodes.

Solution: (I) In fluid arrangement, AgNO3 ionizes to give Ag+(aq) and NO3–(aq) particles.   \[AgN03\left( aq \right)\text{ }\to \text{ }Ag+\left( aq \right)\text{ }+\text{ }NO3\left( aq...

read more

In Ostwald’s process for the manufacture of nitric acid, the first step involves the oxidation of ammonia gas by oxygen gas to give nitric oxide gas and steam. What is the maximum weight of nitric oxide that can be obtained starting only with 10.00 g. of ammonia and 20.00 g of oxygen?

Solution: The reasonable response is as given underneath: $4 \mathrm{NH}_{3(g)}+5 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \rightarrow 4 \mathrm{NO}_{(g)}+6 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(g)}$ $4 N H_{3}=4 \times 17...

read more

Refer to the periodic table given in your book and now answer the following questions: (a) Select the possible non – metals that can show disproportionation reaction? (b) Select three metals that show disproportionation reaction?

Solution: One of the responding components consistently has a component that can exist in somewhere around 3 oxidation numbers. (I) The non - metals which can show disproportionation responses are...

read more

How do you count for the following observations? (a) Though alkaline potassium permanganate and acidic potassium permanganate both are used as oxidants, yet in the manufacture of benzoic acid from toluene we use alcoholic potassium permanganate as an oxidant. Why? Write a balanced redox equation for the reaction. (b) When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to an inorganic mixture containing chloride, we get colourless pungent smelling gas HCl, but if the mixture contains bromide then we get red vapour of bromine. Why?

Solution: (a) While producing benzoic corrosive from toluene, alcoholic potassium permanganate is utilized as an oxidant because of the given reasons. (I) In an impartial medium, $O H^{-}$ions are...

read more

Whenever a reaction between an oxidisina adent and a reducina aqent is carried out, a compound of lower oxidation state is formed if the reducing agent is in excess and a compound of higher oxidation state is formed if the oxidising agent is in excess. J ustify this statement giving three illustrations. Justify the above statement with three examples.

Solution: When there is a response between lessening specialist and oxidizing specialist, a compound is framed which has lower oxidation number if the diminishing specialist is in abundance and a...

read more

Calculate the oxidation number of sulphur, chromium and nitrogen in H2SO5, Cr2O2 and NOT. Suggest structure of these compounds. Count for the fallacy. nitrogen in H2SO5, Cr2O2 and NOT. Suggest structure of these compounds. Count for the fallacy.

Solution: O.N. of S in H2SO5. By traditional strategy, the O.N. of S in H2SO5 is 2 (+1) + x + 5 (- 2) = 0 or x = +8 This is outlandish on the grounds that the most extreme O.N. of S can't be more...

read more

The work function for the caesium atom is 1.9 eV. Calculate
(a) the threshold wavelength and
(b) the threshold frequency of the radiation. If the caesium element is irradiated with a wavelength of 500 nm,(c) calculate the kinetic energy and the velocity of the ejected photoelectron.

Given, the work function of caesium $\left(W_{0}\right)=1.9 \mathrm{eV}$ (a)From the $W_{0}=\frac{h c}{\lambda_{0}}$ expression, we get: $\lambda_{0}=\frac{h c}{W_{0}}$ Where, $\lambda_{0}$ is the...

read more

In Rutherford’s experiment, generally the thin foil of heavy atoms, like gold, platinum etc. have been used to be bombarded by the α-particles. If the thin foil of light atoms like Aluminium etc. is used, what difference would be observed from the above results?

The findings obtained with a foil made up of heavy atoms will differ from those obtained with a foil made up of comparatively light atoms. The magnitude of positive charge in the nucleus of a...

read more

Explain the terms inductive and electromeric effects. Which electron displacement effect explain the following correct orders of acidity of the carboxylic acids? (a) Cl3CCOOH > Cl2CHCOOH > ClCH2 COOH (b) CH3CH2COOH > (CH3)2 CHCOOH > (CH3)3CCOOH

Solution: Inductive Effect: The inductive impact alludes to the extremity delivered in a particle because of higher electronegativity of one molecule contrasted with another.Atoms or gatherings...

read more

For the following bond cleavage, use curved-arrows to show the electron flow and classify as homolysis or heterolysis. Identify reactive intermediate produced as free radical, carbocation and carbanion.

Solution: The bond cleavage can be displayed as: It goes under heterolytic cleavage since the common remaining parts with one of the sections. A carbocation is framed as the response middle.

read more

For the following bond cleavage, use curved-arrows to show the electron flow and classify as homolysis or heterolysis. Identify reactive intermediate produced as free radical, carbocation and carbanion.

Solution: The bond cleavage can be displayed as: It goes under heterolytic cleavage since the common remaining parts with the bromine particle. A carbocation is framed as the response...

read more

For the following bond cleavage, use curved-arrows to show the electron flow and classify as homolysis or heterolysis. Identify reactive intermediate produced as free radical, carbocation and carbanion.

Solution: The bond cleavage can be displayed as: It goes under heterolytic cleavage since the common remaining parts with the carbon molecule of propanone. A carbanion is framed as the response...

read more

For the following bond cleavage, use curved-arrows to show the electron flow and classify as homolysis or heterolysis. Identify reactive intermediate produced as free radical, carbocation and carbanion.

Solution: The bond cleavage can be displayed as: It goes under homolytic cleavage since one of the common pair in a covalent bond goes with the reinforced molecule. A free revolutionary is framed as...

read more

What is the relationship between the members of following pairs of structures? Are they structural or geometrical isomers or resonance contributors? following pairs of structures? Are they structural or geometrical isomers or resonance contributors?

Solution: The given mixtures are a pair of primary isomers since they have a similar molecular formula yet have various structures. These mixtures vary in the situation of the ketone bunch. For the...

read more

A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased. a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure? b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?

Answer: (a) As the container's capacity increases, the vapor pressure decreases due to the increased distribution of vapors. (b) Increasing the container's capacity increases evaporation rates...

read more