a. Ciliary movement b. Flagellar movement c. Amoeboid movement d. Gliding movement correct option – ( c ) explanation – the macrophages and leucocytes show amoeboid movement hence correct answer is...
8. Knee joint and elbow joint are examples of
a. Saddle joint b. Ball and socket joint c. Pivot joint d. Hinge joint correct option – ( d ) explanation – hinge joint is a joint which permits movement between two bones only in one plane . Knee...
7. Which one of the following pairs is incorrect?
a. Hinge joint: between Humerus and Pectoral girdle b. Pivot joint: between the atlas and axis c. Gliding joint: between the carpals d. Saddle joint: between carpals and metacarpals of thumb correct...
6. Which one of the following is showing the correct sequential order of vertebrae in the vertebral column of human beings?
a. Cervical — lumbar — thoracic — sacral — coccygeal b. Cervical — thoracic — sacral — lumbar — coccygeal c. Cervical — sacral — thoracic — lumbar — coccygeal d. Cervical — thoracic — lumbar —...
Choose any one of the following cell types that always divides by anticlinal cell division (cell division perpendicular to the adjacent cell)?
a. fusiform initial cells b. root cap c. phellogen d. protoderm Solution: Option (d) is the answer.
A nonvascular plant’s, stem possessing prominent sieve tubes is the characteristic feature of
a. Pinus b. Eucalyptus c. Grass d. Trochodendron(The cartwheel tree) Solution: Option (d) is the answer.
While preparing the dinner Rahul peeled off the potato tuber, he removed which of the following layer?
a. Cuticle b. Heartwood c. Periderm d. Sapwood Solution: Option (c) is the answer.
In the case of conifers, fibers are likely to be absent in
a. Secondary phloem b. Leaves c. Interfascicular cambium d. Secondary xylem Solution: Option (d) is the answer.
5. Intervertebral disc is found in the vertebral column of
a. Birds b. Reptiles c. Mammals d. Amphibians correct option – ( c ) explanation – Intervertebral disc is found in the vertebral column of mammals . They are located between the adjacent...
4. ATPase of the muscle is located in
a. Actinin b. Troponin c. Myosin d. Actin correct option – ( c ) explanation – the globular head of the myosin filament has the site for ATPase enzyme and also has the binding sites for ATPase...
3. What is the type of movable joint present between the atlas and axis?
a. Pivot b. Saddle c. Hinge d. Gliding correct option – ( a ) explanation – the type of joint present between the atlas and axis is pivot joint . hence correct answer is...
A piece of wood having no vessels (non-tracheophytes) must belong to
a. Pine b. Apple c. Teak d. Plum Solution: Option (c) is the answer.
2. Ribs are attached to
a. Scapula b. Sternum c. Clavicle d. Ilium correct option – ( b ) explanation – the first seven ribs in the rib cage are attached to the sternum . Clavicle and scapular are bones of pectoral girdle...
A plant tissue, when stained, showed a positive result for hemicellulose and pectin in the angular thickening around the cell wall. The tissue represents
a. Sclerenchyma b.Collenchyma c. Xylem d. Phloem Solution: Option (b) is the answer.
1. Match the following and mark the correct option
Column I A. Fast muscle fibres B. Slow muscle fibres C. Actin filament D. SarcomereColumn II i. Myoglobin ii. Lactic acid iii. Contractile unit iv. I-band Options: a. A-i, B-ii, C-iv, D-iii b. A-ii,...
45. Describe the structure of a human kidney with the help of a labelled diagram.
Solution - diagram of a kidney
How many shoot apical meristems are likely to be present in a twig of a plant possessing 4 branches and 26 leave ?
a. 26 b. 1 c. 5 d. 30 e. 4 Solution: Option (c) is the answer plant possessing 44 leaves and 38 branches. a. 26 b. 1 c.82 d. 30 Solution: Option (c) is the...
In which of the following epidermal layer is absent?
a. Tip of root and shoot b. Petiole and pedicel c. Ovule and seed d. Shoot bud and floral bud Solution: Option (a) is the answer.
44. The glomerular filtrate in the loop of Henle gets concentrated in the descending and then gets diluted in the ascending limbs. Explain
Solution – ascending limb which plays a significant role in the maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid . Also resorption is maximum in the ascending limb . The descending...
43. How does tubular secretion help in maintaining ionic and acid-base balance in body fluids?
Solution - the maintenance of ionic balance in the body fluids is maintained by the tubular secretion . More bicarbonate is excreted by the kidney as hydrogen ions become less secreted and...
Phellogen and Phellem respectively represent-
a. Epiderm and cork cambium b. Cork and secondary cortex c. Secondary cortex and epiblema d. Cork cambium and cork Solution: Option (d) is the answer.
42. Explain briefly, micturition and disorders of the excretory system .
Solution – micturition means the process of emptying urine from the urinary bladder , that is the storage organ of the urine . It involves the simultaneous coordinated contractions of the bladder...
41. Draw a labelled diagram showing reabsorption and secretion of major substances at different parts of the nephron.
Solution - diagram
Formation of interfascicular cambium and cork cambium occur due to
a. Dedifferentiated cells. b. Differentiated cells. c. Cell death d. Redifferentiation Solution: Option (a) is the answer.
A characteristic feature that is a conjoint and open vascular bundle was seen under a simple microscope, it shows that it belongs to
a. Monocotyledonous root b. Dicot stem c. Dicotyledonous root d. Monocot stem Solution: Option (b) is the answer. Explanation: Monocot has a closed type vascular system in which cambium is...
40. Explain the mechanism of formation of concentrated urine in mammals
Solution - The Henle’s loop and vasa recta plays a key role in the formation of concentrated urine. The medullary collecting ducts in presence of ADH , become freely permeable to solute and water ....
39. Comment upon the hormonal regulation of selective reabsorption.
Solution - the process in which some molecules get absorbed again from the filtrate as they pass through the neuron is known as selective reabsorption . The function of the kidney is monitored by...
38. Explain, why a haemodialysis unit called an artificial kidney?
Solution – haemodialysis unit performs the same functions that a kidney functions , that is why it is also known as artificial kidney .
37. Label the parts in the following diagram.
Solution - diagram with labelling
36. How have the terrestrial organisms adapted themselves for the conservation of water
Solution – the terrestrial organisms are usually ureotelic that is they excrete nitrogenous wastes in form of urea . Reptiles are called as called uricotelic organisms because they excrete...
The entire process of photosynthesis consists of a number of reactions. Where in the cell does each of these take place?
a. Synthesis of ATP & NADPH __________________________
b. Photolysis of water __________________________
c. Fixation of CO2 __________________________
d. Synthesis of sugar molecule __________________________
e. Synthesis of starch __________________________
Solution: (a) occurs in the outer side of the thylakoid membrane (b) is conducted on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane (c) is performed in the stroma of the chloroplast (d) takes place in the...
Is it correct to say that photosynthesis occurs only in leaves of a plant? Besides leaves, what are the other parts that may be capable of carrying out photosynthesis? Justify.
Solution: Photosynthesize can occur in any portion of the plant that is green in color. As a result, the assertion is incorrect. Chlorophyll roots from Trap and Timisoara, as well as photosynthesis,...
Suppose Euphorbia and Maize are grown in the tropical area.
a. Which one of them do you think will be able to survive under such conditions?
b. Which one of them is more efficient in terms of photosynthetic activity?
c. What difference do you think are there in their leaf anatomy?
Solution: a. Maize is a C4 plant, while euphorbia is a CAM plant. Both are capable of surviving in tropical climates. b. Maize is a C4 plant, which means it has higher photosynthetic efficiency. c....
A cyclic process is occurring in a C3 plant, which is light-dependent and needs O2. This process doesn’t produce energy rather it consumes energy.
a. Can you name the given process?
b. Is it essential for survival?
c. What are the end products of this process?
d. Where does it occur?
Solution: (a) Photorespiration, is a process that occurs in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. (b) Photorespiration happens when there is an abundance of oxygen rather than carbon dioxide,...
Why do we believe chloroplast and mitochondria to be semi-autonomous organelle?
Solution: Because chloroplasts have their own DNA, they are referred to as semi-autonomous organelles. Furthermore, they have the ability to create their own energy and do not require the cell....
Tomatoes, carrots and chillies are red due to the presence of one pigment. Name the pigment. Is it a photosynthetic pigment?
Solution: The pigment Lycopene is responsible for the red color of tomatoes, carrots, and chilies. This isn't a pigment that helps with photosynthesis. The plastid which contains this pigment is...
In a way, green plants and cyanobacteria have synthesized all the food on the earth. Comment.
Solution: To a large extent, this is correct, as cyanobacteria and green plants have created all of the food on the planet. Other autotrophs exist, although their contribution to the food chain of...
Root’s epiblema, the superficial layer of tissue replacing the true epidermis in most roots is equivalent to
a. Epidermis b. Vascular cambium c. Cortex d. Stele Solution: Option (a) is the answer.
In what kind of plants do you come across ‘Kranz’ anatomy? To which conditions are those plants better adapted? How are these plants better adapted than the plants which lack this anatomy?
Solution: C4 plants, such as maize, sugarcane, and others, have Kranz anatomy. These plants can withstand extremes in temperature and light intensity. These plants have also evolved to thrive in...
Six turns of the Calvin cycle are required to generate one mole of glucose. Explain.
Solution: For one molecule of carbon dioxide to be reduced, two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH are required during the Calvin cycle. Because glucose is a 6-carbon chemical, 6 carbon...
Find out how Melvin Calvin worked out the complete biosynthetic pathway for synthesis of sugar.
Solution: Experiments at the University of California led to the discovery of the full pathway for sugar synthesis by Melvin Calvin and his colleagues. They took the following steps to do this: The...
Explain how during light reaction of photosynthesis, ATP synthesis is a chemiosmotic phenomenon.
Solution: Chemiosmotic movement is the movement of ions through a semi-permeable membrane and down an electron gradient. During the light reaction of photosynthesis, ions pass over the thylakoid...
Why does the rate of photosynthesis decrease at higher temperatures?
Solution: Photosynthesis is a process that is aided by enzymes. We know that enzymes perform best in a specific temperature range. An enzyme cannot function when the temperature exceeds this range....
What conditions enable Rubisco to function as an oxygenase? Explain the ensuing process.
Solution: Rubisco has an affinity with carbon dioxide as well as oxygen. The binding of Rubisco with either of them, however, is competitive. This means that if the $C{{O}_{2}}$ concentration is...
In tropical rain forests, the canopy is thick and plants growing below receive filtered light. How are they able to carry out photosynthesis?
Solution: We know that light is rarely a limiting factor for photosynthesis because light saturation can be achieved with just 10% of full sunlight. Less light may limit the rate of photosynthesis...
Photosynthetic organisms occur at different depths in the ocean. Do they receive qualitatively and quantitatively the same light? How do they adapt to carry out photosynthesis under these conditions?
Solution: They do not receive the same amount of light in terms of both quality and quantity. The importance of solar radiation in living cannot be overstated. The photosynthetic pigments of these...
If a green plant is kept in dark with proper ventilation, can this plant carry out photosynthesis? Can anything be given as a supplement to maintain its growth or survival?
Solution: Carbon dioxide is still present when a plant is kept in the dark and properly ventilated. A sufficient amount of water can be provided to the plant to ensure its life. The seed, however,...
35. What is the procedure advised for the correction of extreme renal failure? Give a brief account of it.
Solution – kidney transplantation is the procedure recommended for the correction of extreme renal failure . Donor’s blood group and other things are to be matched with the recipient .
33. Aquatic animals generally are ammonotelic in nature whereas terrestrial forms are not. Comment.
Solution – by the term ammonotelic it is meant those organism which generally excrete ammonia as nitrogenous wastes . Urea to be excreted needs large amount of water , which is possible only for...
32. What is the role played by Renin-Angiotensin in the regulation of kidney function?
Solution – the role of renin is to convert angiotensinogen in blood to angiotensin I and then angiotensin II . Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor , it rises the glomerular blood pressure ,...
30. Fill in the blanks appropriately Organ Excretory wastes
a. Kidneys ______________________ b. Lungs ______________________ c. Liver ______________________ d. Skin ______________________ Solution – the fill ups are a) Kidneys – they excrete Urea,...
29. Mention the substances that exit from the tubules to maintain a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium
Solution - urea and sodium chloride are the two substances that exit from the tubules to maintain a concentration gradient in the medullary Interstitium .
28. Complete the following:
a. urinary excretion = tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion – b. Dialysis fluid = Plasma– Solution - the pairing is as follows : a. urinary excretion = tubular reabsorption + tubular...
27. Sort the following into actively or passively transported substances during reabsorption of GFR. glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, Na+, water
Solution – the substance are : Actively transported: Glucose, amino acids, Na+ Passively transported: Nitrogenous wastes and water
26. What are the main processes of urine formation?
Solution - Glomerular Filtration, Reabsorption and tubular secretion are the main processes of urine formation
25. Mention any two metabolic disorders, which can be diagnosed by analysis of urine.
Solution - two metabolic disorders, which can be diagnosed by analysis of urine are - a) Ketonuria b) Hematuria
24. Name two actively transported substances in Glomerular filtrate
Solution - amino acids and glucose are two actively transported substances in the glomerular filtrate .
23. What is the role of sebaceous glands?
Solution – sebaceous glands are holocrine glands present all over the body except , soles and dorsum of the feet and the palms . They are in charge to eliminate certain substances like sterols,...
22. Differentiate Glycosuria from Ketonuria
Solution – difference is GlycosuriaKetonuriaPresence of glucose in urinePresence of ketone bodies in urineOccurs in diabetes mellitusUsually occurs at the time of longtime fasting
21. The following abbreviations are used in the context of excretory functions, what do they stand for?
a. ANF b. ADH c. GFR d. DCT Solution - the abbreviations with their full forms are as follows : a) ANF: Atrial Natriuretic Factor b) ADH: Anti-Diuretic Hormone: c) GFR: Glomerular Filtration...
20. What is the excretory structure in amoeba?
Solution – amoebas excrete with the help of contractile vacuole.
19. Identify the glands that perform the excretory function in prawns.
Solution – in prawns the excretory function is carried out by the antennal glands or the green glands.
18. What is the composition of sweat produced by sweat glands?
Solution – the sweat produced by sweat glands is composed of lactic acid, salt, minerals and urea.
17. What is the excretory product from kidneys of reptiles?
Solution - from kidneys of reptiles the excretory product that we get is uric acid
16. Where does the selective reabsorption of Glomerular filtrate take place?
Solution - the distal convolute tubule (DCT) is the structure where the selective re-absorption of glomerular filtrate takes place
15. Dialysing unit (artificial kidney) contains a fluid which is almost same as plasma except that it has –
a. High glucose b. High urea c. No urea d. High uric acid correct option – ( c ) explanation – the fluid that is used in dialysing unit is same as the plasma but it does not contain urea hence...
14. We can produce a concentrated/ dilute urine. This is facilitated by a
special mechanism. Identify the mechanism. a. Reabsorption from PCT b. Reabsorption from Collecting Duct c. Reabsorption/ Secretion in DCT d. Counter current mechanism in Henle’s loop/ Vasa recta...
13. Match the abnormal conditions given in Column A with their explanations
given in Column B and Choose the correct option Column A A. Glycosuria B. Renal calculi C. Glomerular nephritis D. GoutColumn B i. Accumulation of uric acid in joints ii. Inflammation in glomeruli...
12. Match the terms given in Column I with their physiological processes
given in Column II and choose the correct answer Column I A. Proximal convoluted tubule B. Distal convoluted tubule C. Henle’s loop D. Counter-current mechanism E. Renal corpuscleColumn II i....
11. Which one of the following is also known as an antidiuretic hormone?
a. Oxytocin b. Vasopressin c. Adrenaline d. Calcitonin correct option –( b ) explanation – vasopressin is an anti diuretic hormone . Oxytocin is secreted by hypothalamus , adrenaline by adrenal...
10. The condition of accumulation of urea in the blood is termed as
a. Renal Calculi b. Glomerulonephritis c. Uremia d. Ketonuria correct option –( c ) explanation – uremia is defined as the collection of urea in the blood . It takes place when kidneys do not...
9. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
a. The medullary zone of the kidney is divided into a few conical masses called medullary pyramids projecting into the calyces. b. Inside the kidney, the cortical region extends in between the...
8. Which of the following pairs is wrong?
a. Uricotelic ———- Birds b. Ureotelic ———- Insects c. Ammonotelic ———- Tadpole d. Ureotelic ———- Elephant correct option –( b ) explanation – insects are not ureotelic . Examples of ureotelic are...
7. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
a. Birds and land snails are uricotelic animals. b. Mammals and frogs are ureotelic animals c. Aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic animals d. Birds and reptiles are ureotelic...
6. Different types of excretory structures and animals are given below. Match them appropriately and mark the correct answer from among those given below:
Excretory structure/ organ Animals A. Protonephridia i. Prawn B. Nephridia ii. Cockroach C. Malpighian tubules iii. Earthworm D. Green gland or Antennal glands. Flatworms a. A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i...
5. The pH of human urine is approximately
a. 6.5 b. 7 c. 6 d. 7.5 correct option –( c ) explanation –human urine has a pH of 6 It is light yellow colored watery fluid . hence correct answer is 6
Fill in the blank spaces:
(a) All mammals (except a few) have __________ cervical vertebra. (b) The number of phalanges in each limb of human is __________ (c) Thin filament of myofibril contains 2 ‘F’ actins and two other...
Name the type of joint between the following:-
(a) atlas/axis (b) carpal/metacarpal of thumb (c) Between phalanges (d) femur/acetabulum (e) Between cranial bones (f) Between pubic bones in the pelvic girdle Answers: (a) Pivot joint (b) Saddle...
How do you distinguish between a skeletal muscle and a cardiac muscle?
Skeletal muscleCardiac muscleLocation - Linked with the primary bonesLocation - Walls of the heartVoluntaryInvoluntaryNucleus – located PeripherallyNucleus – located CentrallyMuscle fibers -...
What are the different types of movements exhibited by the cells of human body?
Movement is considered to be one of the most important signals observed in living things. The different types of movements shown by human body cells are: 1. Amoeboid Movement - Leucocytes found in...
Match Column I with Column II:
Column IColumn II(a) Smooth muscle(i) Myoglobin(b) Tropomyosin(ii) Thin filament(c) Red muscle(iii) Sutures(d) Skull(iv) Involuntary Column IColumn II(a) Smooth muscle(iv) Involuntary(b)...
Write the difference between:
(a) Actin and Myosin (b) Red and White muscles (c) Pectoral and Pelvic girdle a) Actin and myosin ActinMyosinMyofilament with thin filaments are produced.Myofilament with thick filaments are...
Describe the important steps in muscle contraction.
The theory of Sliding filament states that the contraction of muscle fibre happens due to the sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments. Muscle Contraction Method: Step 1 -...
Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true.
(a) Actin is present in thin filament (b) H-zone of striated muscle fibre represents both thick and thin filaments. (c) Human skeleton has 206 bones. (d) There are 11 pairs of ribs in man. (e)...
Define sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
The theory of Sliding filament states that the contraction of muscle fibre happens due to the sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments.
4. Which of the following is removed from our body by lungs?
a. CO2 only b. H2O only c. CO2 and H2O d. Ammonia correct option –( a ) explanation – only carbon dioxide is removed by the lungs when we exhale . Ammonia is removed by air stripping ....
Draw the diagram of a sarcomere of skeletal muscle showing different regions.
3. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. ADH – prevents the conversion of angiotensinogen in the blood to angiotensin b. Aldosterone – facilitates water reabsorption c. ANF – enhances sodium reabsorption d. Renin – causes vasodilation...
Tissues whose cells show angular wall thickening. They also provide mechanical support to the plant. The tissue is
a. Xylem b. Collenchyma c. Sclerenchyma d. Epidermis Solution: Option (b) is the answer
2. Filtration of the blood takes place at
a. PCT b. DCT c. Collecting ducts d. Malpighian body correct option –( d ) explanation – Malpighian body consists of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule . Filtration of blood occurs in glomerulus ....
1. The following substances are the excretory products in animals. Choose the least toxic form among them –
a. Urea b. Uric acid c. Ammonia d. Carbon dioxide correct option – ( b ) explanation – uric acid is less toxic than urea , ammonia and carbon dioxide . It has four nitrogen atoms so very less...
Find the odd one out.
a. Epidermis b. Xylem c. Parenchyma d. Phloem Solution: Option (c) is the answer. Explanation: Parenchyma is a simple tissue.
Match the following and choose the correct option from below
Column IA. CuticleB. Bulliform cells C. Stomatal cells D. Epidermal cellsColumn II i. bean-shaped guard cells ii. outermost single-layer iii. sheet-like waxy layer iv. empty colourless cell Options:...
Match the below-mentioned tissues with the function they perform.
Column I Column II A. Meristem i. Photosynthesis, storage. B....
A horizontal section (transverse) of the stem is stained first with safranin and then with fast green following the usual pattern of double staining for preparing a permanent slide. What would be the colour of the stained phloem and xylem?
a. Red and green b. Green and red c. Purple and yellow d. Purple and orange Solution: Option (b) is the answer.
Endoparasites are found inside the host body. Mention the special structure, possessed by these and which enables them to survive in those conditions.
Survival of condition they have to adapt- ● Very high reproductive capacity ●Presence of adhesive organs or suckers to cling on to the host. ●Loss of digestive system. ●Loss of unnecessary sense...
Differentiate between:
a. Open and closed circulatory system b. Oviparity and viviparity c. Direct and indirect development d. Acoelomate and pseudocoelomate e. Notochord and nerve cord f. Polyp and medusa a) ●Blood is...
Give the characteristic features of the following citing one example of each
a. Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes b. Urochordata and cephalochordate 1.Chondrichthyes ●mainly marine and their body is streamlined. ●cartilaginous endoskeleton. ●Examples are scoliosis and...
. Mention two similarities between
a. Aves and mammals b. A frog and crocodile c. A turtle and pila a) Aves and mammals are warm-blooded and have four chambered heart b) A frog and crocodile are cold-blooded and are oviparous (lays...
Name
a. A limbless animal b. A cold-blooded animal c. A warm-blooded animal d. An animal possessing dry and cornified skin e. An animal having a canal system and spicules f. An animal with cnidoblasts a....
12. Give an example for each of the following
a. A viviparous animal b. A fish possessing a poison sting c. A fish possessing an electric organ d. An organ, which regulates buoyancy e. Animal, which exhibits alternation of generation f. An...
There has been an increase in the number of chambers in the heart during the evolution of vertebrates. Give the names of the class of vertebrates having two, three or four-chambered hearts.
●Two-chambered hearts vertebrates are -Chrondrichytes and osteocytes. ●Three- chambered heart vertebrates are -Amphibia and Reptile. ●Four-chambered heart vertebrates are - Aves and...
Sort out the animals on the basis of their symmetry (radial or bilateral) coelenterates, ctenophores, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms.
●In radial symmetry, the body of an organism can be divided into equal halves by any plans passing through the longitudinal way . ●Radial symmetry examples -Coelenterates, Ctenophores,...
Differentiate between:
a. Open circulatory system and closed circulatory system b. Oviparous and viviparous characteristic c. Direct development and Indirect development a) Open circulatory system ●Blood is pumped out the...
Provide appropriate technical terms in the space provided.
a. Blood-filled cavity in arthropods __________________________. b. Free-floating form of cnidaria _________________________. c. Stinging organ of jelly fishes _________________________. d. Lateral...
Give an example of the following
a. Roundworm b. Fish possessing poison sting c. A limbless reptile/ amphibian d. An oviparous mammal a. Roundworm-Ascaris ●large roundworm ●It is the most common parasitic worm in humans b....
Differentiate between a diploblastic and a triploblastic animal.
•Diploblastic animals are animals in which cells are arranged in two embryonic layers. •Example-Coelenterates • Triploblastic animals are those in which the developing embryo has a third...
Write one example each of the following in the space provided.
a. Cold blooded animal ________________________ b. Warm blooded animal ________________________ c. Animal possessing dry and cornified skin _______________ d. Dioecious animal _____________________...
Name the animal, which exhibits the phenomenon of bioluminescence. Mention the phylum to which it belongs.
● Phenomenon of production and emission of light by an organism is the result of a chemical reaction in which chemical energy is converted into light energy is called bioluminescence. ...
What is the role of the radula in molluscs?
Radula is a special structure in phylum mollusca that is used to scrape and scratch the food particles and to create a depression in rocks which is used as their habitat.
Mention two modifications in reptiles required for terrestrial mode of life.
1.Internal fertilization which makes the chances of survival of young ones better than external fertilization. 2.The body is covered with dry and cornified skin and epidermal scales in...
Give one example each for an animal possessing placoid scales and that with cycloid scales.
Which group of chordates possess a sucking and circular mouth without jaws?
1.Cyclostomes possess a sucking and circular mouth without jaws types . 2. So,the mouth is circular and lacks jaws, these are also known as an agnathans.
What is the role of feathers?
In aves(birds) along with pneumatic bones, feathers are helpful in making the body lighter which helps in flight easily .
What is metagenesis? Mention an example which exhibits this phenomenon.
●It is the alternation of generations between sexual and asexual mode of reproduction is known as metagenesis. ●example-cnidarians.
What is the importance of pneumatic bones and air sacs in Aves?
●Pneumatic bones are making the aves body weight lighten and help in flying easily and air sacs are helpful in respiration and buoyancy.
Identify the phylum in which adults exhibit radial symmetry and larva exhibit bilateral symmetry.
In the Echinodermata,radial symmetry is exhibited by the adult while the bilateral symmetry is exhibited by the larva form .
The body cavity is the cavity present between the body wall and the gut wall. In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm. Such animals are called
a. Acoelomates b. Pseudocoelomates c. Coelomates d. Haemocoelomates A)Correct option -B B)Explanation for correct option - ●An invertebrate having a body cavity that is a pseudocoel....
Which one of the following is a non-poisonous snake?
a. Cobra b. Viper c. Python d. Krait A)Correct option -C B)Explanation for correct option - ●Python belongs to a family of nonvenomous snakes.
41. Write a short note on the following
a. Hypertension: b. Coronary Artery Disease: solution – a_ hypertension : : it is conditi0n when the blood pressure rises above its normal value that is n120/80 mm of Hg . There are two types...
40. Explain different types of blood groups and donor compatibility by making a table.
solution
Which one of the following is oviparous?
a. Platypus b. Flying fox (Bat) c. Elephant d. Whale A)Correct option -A B)Explanation for correct option - ●Platypus are those mammals that lay eggs .
39. Describe the events in the cardiac cycle. Explain “double circulation”.
Solution – events in cardiac cycle are : contraction of atria leads to flow of blood in the ventricles because the two valves are open .this is followed by contraction of ventricles .The first...
38. Explain Rh-incompatibility in humans
Solution – there are many known blood groups , among which is the Rh factor or Rhesus monkey factor . It is an inherited factor . People lacking Rh factor are known as Rh negative people ....
Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
a. In cockroaches and prawns excretion of waste material occurs through malpighian tubules. b. In ctenophores, locomotion is mediated by comb plates. c. In Fasciola, flame cells help in excretion d....
37. Answer the following
a. Name the major site where RBCs are formed. b. Which part of the heart is responsible for initiating and maintaining its rhythmic activity? c. What is specific in the heart of crocodiles among...
Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
a. Mesoglea is present in between ectoderm and endoderm in Obelia. b. Exhibits radial symmetry Asterias c. Fasciola is a pseudocoelomate animal d. Taenia is a triploblastic animal A)Correct option...
36. Thrombocytes are essential for the coagulation of blood. Comment
Solution – thrombocytes are also known as platelets present in the blood . Bone marrow is the location where they are formed . Thromboplastin a clotting factor is released by thrombocytes ....
35. Write the features that distinguish between the two
a. Plasma and Serum b. Open and closed circulatory system c. Sino-atrial node and atrioventricular node solution – distinguishing features : plasma and serum : PlasmaSerumLiquid form of blood with...
34. Explain the functional significance of the lymphatic system ?
Solution – lymph carries nutrients and hormones . It is responsible to maintain the fluid balance between the blood and tissues . Lymph helps in the absorption of the fats .
Which one of the following sets of animals belongs to a single taxonomic group?
33. What is the significance of the hepatic portal system in the circulatory system?
Solution – the deoxygenated blood from the parts of the gastrointestinal tract is directed to the liver and then to the heart. This provides the liver with metabolic substrates. This is the role...
Birds and mammals share one of the following characteristics as a common feature.
a. Pigmented skin b. Pneumatic bones c. Viviparity d. Warm-blooded A)Correct option -D B)Explanation for correct option - ●Birds and mammals both have warm blooded animals . ●Both have 4 chambered...
Which of the following pairs of animals has non-glandular skin?
a.Snake and Frog b. Chameleon and Turtle c. Frog and Pigeon d. Crocodile and Tiger A)Correct option -B B)Explanation for correct option - ●Amphibians and mammals possess glandular skin but...
Which one of the following sets of animals shares a four-chambered heart?
a. Amphibian, Reptiles, Birds b. Crocodiles, Birds, Mammals c. Crocodiles, Lizards, Turtles d. Lizards, Mammals, Birds A)Correct option -B B)Explanation for correct option - ●crocodiles are only the...
31. Briefly describe the followings:
a. Anaemia b. Angina Pectoris c. Atherosclerosis d. Hypertension e. Heart failure f. Erythroblastosis foetal solution – a. Anaemia : it occurs because of the decrease in the haemoglobin count b....
30. Differentiate between
a. Blood and Lymph b. Basophils and Eosinophils c. Tricuspid and bicuspid valve solution – difference : blood and lymph BloodLymphIt is a fluid connective tissue red in colour due to presence of...
Given below are types of cells present in some animals. Which of the following cells can differentiate to perform different functions?
a. Choanocytes b. Interstitial cells c. Gastrodermal cells d. Nematocytes A)Correct option -B B)Explanation for correct option - ●Interstitial cells are found in male testes. ●They are...
29. The walls of ventricles are much thicker than atria. Explain.
Solution – ventricles have to exert more pressure because they have to pump the blood to all organs of the body . The blood supply us received by the atria’s so they have less load resulting in...
28. How will you interpret an electrocardiogram (ECG) in which time taken in the QRS complex is higher
Solution – normal time duration of a QRS complex is less than or equal to 0.10 seconds . If the QRS wave is longer than this then it means that the person is having Myocardial Infarction or Heart...
In some animal groups, the body is found divided into compartments with a serial repetition of at least some organs. This characteristic feature is called
a. Segmentation b. Metamerism c. Metagenesis d. Metamorphosis A)Correct option -B B)Explanation for correct option - ●It is the repetition of homologous body segments in some animals of...
How are photosynthesis and respiration related to each other?
Solution: Photosynthesis produces glucose, which is needed in cellular respiration to produce ATP. After that, the glucose is converted to carbon dioxide, which is subsequently used in...
Do reactions of photosynthesis called, as ‘Dark Reaction’ needs light? Explain.
Solution: The biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis, during which carbohydrate synthesis occurs, is known as the Dark Reaction. This portion of photosynthesis is known as Dark Reaction because it is...
Chlorophyll ‘a’ is the primary pigment for a light reaction. What are accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?
Solution: Accessory pigments are pigments that aid chlorophyll in capturing solar light. They are known to support chlorophyll in the trapping of solar radiation. Accessory pigments aid in the...
Succulents are known to keep their stomata closed during the day to check transpiration. How do they meet their photosynthetic CO2 requirements?
Solution: During the day, succulent plants keep their stomata closed. This, however, limits the amount of carbon dioxide that can enter the system. Succulent plants have developed a particular way...
What is the basis for designating C3 and C4 pathways of photosynthesis?
Solution: Carbon dioxide and water mix during the biosynthetic phase to form carbohydrates or sugar molecules. Carbon fixation is the name given to this carbon dioxide reaction. Carbon fixation...
Which products formed during the light reaction of photosynthesis are used to drive the dark reaction?
Solution: The major photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a, as well as accessory pigments such as chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, and carotenoids, trap sunlight to carry out photosynthesis' light...
ATPase enzyme consists of two parts. What are those parts? How are they arranged in the thylakoid membrane? Conformational change occurs in which part of the enzyme?
Solution: The ATPase enzyme is made up of two parts: A part called FO is implanted in the membrane and produces a transmembrane channel that allows protons to diffuse across the membrane more...
Where is NADP reductase enzyme located in the chloroplast? What is the role of this enzyme in proton gradient development?
Solution: NADP reductase is an enzyme that aids in the decrease of a molecule's oxidative state... It comes in two varieties- NADP and NADPH. When a molecule is oxidized, NADP absorbs an electron...
Some of these terms/chemicals are associated with the C4 cycle. Explain.
a. Hatch slack pathway
b. Calvin cycle
c. PEP carboxylase
d. Bundle sheath cells
Solution: Hatch slack pathway- In C4 plants the process is called the Hatch & Slack Pathway, the glucose synthesis process. The Calvin Cycle is followed by every photosynthetic plant, although...
Does moonlight support photosynthesis?
Solution: A photon is adsorbed by Photosystem II in photosynthesis to break down water into oxygen and protons in solution. The photosystem must absorb yet another photon to fuel the Calvin cycle's...
\[3CO2+9ATP+6NADPH+water\to glyceraldehyde~3-phosphate+9~ADP+6~NADP++8Pi\]
Analyse the above reaction and answer the following questions:
a. How many molecules of ATP & NADPH are required to fix one molecule of CO2?
b. Where in the chloroplast does this process occur?
Solution: The above reaction is of reduction of glucose to carbohydrates which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast where the Dark reaction takes place. So, the following are the answers to the...
Can girdling experiments be done in monocots? If yes, how? If no, why not?
Solution: Girdling is the process of removing the tree's bark in the form of a ring. The xylem is kept intact in this case so that it can feed minerals and water to the tree's various components....
a. NADP reductase enzyme is located on _________________.
b. Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of _________________.
Solution: The NADP reductase enzyme is found on the stroma side of the grana thylakoids. The stacks of thylakoids are known as grana. The figure depicts a single thylakoid, which indicates the...
Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria don’t have chloroplasts. How do they conduct photosynthesis?
Solution: In plants and algae, the photosynthetic process takes place in microscopic organelles called chloroplasts, which are found inside cells. Light-harvesting pigments in more basic...
2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e–
Based on the above equation, answer the following questions:
a. Where does this reaction take place in plants?
b. What is the significance of this reaction?
Solution: The above reaction shows Photolysis and the following questions have been answered. It happens in PS II, which is a water molecule decomposition reaction.Water splitting (photolysis which...
When $C{{O}_{2}}$ is added to PEP, the first stable product synthesised is:
a. Pyruvate
b. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
c. Phosphoglycerate
d. Oxaloacetate
Solution: In C 4 plants, mesophyll cells are responsible for the early fixation of Carbon dioxide or carboxylation. PEP carboxylase (or PEP case) is a Carbon dioxide fixation enzyme found in the...
The reaction that is responsible for the primary fixation of $C{{O}_{2}}$ is catalysed by
a. RuBP carboxylase
b. PEP carboxylase
c. RuBP carboxylase and PEP carboxylase
d. PGA synthase
Solution: Carboxylation is the reaction that causes carbon dioxide to be fixed in the first place. The RuBP carboxylase catalyzes this process, which results in the formation of two molecules of...
The enzyme that is not found in a C3 plant is
a. RuBP Carboxylase
b. PEP Carboxylase
c. NADP reductase
d. ATP synthase
Solution: The Phospho Enol Pyruvate (PEP) carboxylase is found in the mesophyll cells of C 4 plants and catalyzes the conversion of PEP to oxaloacetate. (OAA) is the first 4C stable chemical...
The correct sequence of flow of electrons in the light reaction is
a. PSII, plastoquinone, cytochromes, PSI, ferredoxin
b. PSI, plastoquinone, cytochromes, PSII, ferredoxin
c. PSI, ferredoxin, PSII,
d. PSI, plastoquinone, cytochromes, PSII, ferredoxin
Solution: Inside thylakoids, light processes take place. It is dependent on the presence of light. It involves water photolysis (the splitting of water into H 2 and O 2 and the generation of...
Splitting of water is associated with
a. Photosystem I
b. The lumen of thylakoid
c. Both Photosystem I and II
d. The inner surface of the thylakoid membrane
Solution: Photosystem II is involved in the splitting up of water or photolysis, and it is exclusively found in the membrane of thylakoids. So, the correct answer is (d).
PEP is the primary CO2 acceptor in
a. C4 plants
b. C3 plants
c. C2 plants
d. Both C3 and C4 plants
Solution: Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP) is located in the mesophyll cell of C4 plants, where it takes ambient CO2 and transforms it into the oxaloacetate molecule. To cope with photorespiratory losses,...
The dark reaction in photosynthesis is called so because of
a. It can occur in dark also
b. It does not depend on light energy
c. It cannot occur during daylight
d. It occurs more rapidly at night
Solution: Light isn't required for dark reactions. Dark reaction, on the other hand, generates energy molecules from ATP and NADPH. There is no need for a photosystem. Water does not undergo...
During light reaction in photosynthesis, the following are formed:
a. ATP and sugar
b. Hydrogen, O2 and sugar
c. ATP, hydrogen and O2
d. ATP, hydrogen and O2 donor
Solution: Inside thylakoids, light reactions take place. It is dependent on the presence of light. It involves water photolysis (the splitting of water into H 2 and O 2 and the generation of...
The energy required for ATP synthesis in PSII comes from
a. Proton gradient
b. Electron gradient
c. Reduction of glucose
d. Oxidation of glucose
Solution: \[2{{H}_{2}}O\to 4{{H}^{+}}+{{O}_{2}}+4{{e}^{-}}\] Since this reaction occurs on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane, the protons produced are trapped in the thylakoid lumen. Protons...
Chemosynthetic bacteria obtain energy from
a. Sun
b. Infrared rays
c. Organic substances
d. Inorganic chemicals
Solution: Chemosynthetic bacteria are organisms that use inorganic chemicals as a source of energy and convert them to organic compounds. They get their energy through the oxidation of inorganic...
Which light range is least effective in photosynthesis?
a. Blue
b. Green
c. Red
d. Violet
Solution: Photosynthesis is most efficient in the blue and red light spectrums. The energy carried by blue wavelengths of light is greater than that carried by red wavelengths. As a result, the most...
Which range of wavelength (in nm) is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?
a. 100 – 390
b. 390 – 430
c. 400 – 700
d. 760 – 100,00
Solution: The wavelength of sunlight or solar energy that reaches the earth ranges from 300 nm (in the ultra-violet range) to 2600 nm (in the infra-red range). Photo synthetically active radiation...
Which pigment acts directly to convert light energy to chemical energy?
a. Chlorophyll a
b. Chlorophyll b
c. Xanthophyll
d. Carotenoid
Solution: Since it is found in all photosynthetic plants except bacteria, chlorophyll an is known as the universal photosynthetic pigment. As it performs the primary photosynthesis process, which...
Which metal ion is a constituent of chlorophyll?
a. Iron
b. Copper
c. Magnesium
d. Zinc
Solution: Chlorophyll contains magnesium as a component. Green photosynthetic pigments are called chlorophyll. The chloroplasts of higher plants have five forms of chlorophyll: a, b, c, d, and e....
Identify the process occurring in I, II and III
Solution: (I) Uniport- the movement of a single ion or molecule; (II) Antiport- the movement of two ions or molecules in opposite directions through the same transporter. (III) Symport - When two...
Label the diagram and also determine the stage at which this structure is visible.
Solution: This phase shows the Late prophase stage of cell division, where spindle fibers have become prominent and the chromosomes are arranging themselves towards the equator for the next phase.
Carefully observe the following figure
a. Name the technique shown in the figure and the scientist who demonstrated this technique for the first time.
b. Name at least three plants for which this technique can be employed for their commercial production.
c. What is the significance of aerating tube and feeding funnel in this setup?
Solution: The technology depicted in the diagram is hydroponics or soilless plant culture.Tomato, Lettuce, Marijuana, Pepper, and Cucumber. b) Tomato, Lettuce, Marijuana, Pepper, and...
Hydroponics has been shown to be a successful technique for growing of plants. Yet most of the crops are still grown on land. Why?
Solution: Hydroponics is a growing method in which plants are cultivated in mineral nutrients rather than soil. This requires the addition of minerals on a regular basis, as well as the replacement...
Give the biochemical events occurring in the root nodule of a pulse plant. What is the end product? What is its fate?
Solution: In the presence of the enzyme nitrogenase, free nitrogen in the air is converted to Ammonia or other nitrogenous compounds in the nitrogen fixation process....
Trace the events starting from the coming in contact with Rhizobium to a leguminous root till nodule formation. Add a note on the importance of leghemoglobin.
Solution: Following are the events from the first interaction with Rhizobium through the production of nodules on a leguminous root- Event 1: Follow the events from the first interaction with...
We know that plants require nutrients. If we supply these in excess, will it be beneficial to the plants? If yes, how/ If no, why?
Solution: No, extra nutrients should not be supplied because doing so reduces the dry weight of the tissue by 10% and causes toxicity. It also prevents the absorption of other elements. Manganese,...
With the help of examples describe the classification of essential elements based on the function they perform.
Solution: The classification of essential elements according to their function Components of energy-related chemicals that contain essential elementsMagnesium in chlorophyll and phosphorus in...
What are the essential elements for plants? Give the criteria of essentiality? How are minerals classifieds depending upon the amount in which they are needed by the plants?
Solution: The macro and microelements are the two sorts of vital elements. Calcium, magnesium, and other macro elements, for example, are abundant. Microelements, such as iron and zinc, are present...
We find that Rhizobium forms nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. Also Frankiaanother microbe forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of non-leguminous plant Alnus.
a. Can we artificially induce the property of nitrogen fixation in a plant – leguminous or non-leguminous?
b. What kind of relationship is observed between mycorrhiza and pine trees?
c. Is it necessary for a microbe to be in close association with a plant to provide mineral nutrition? Explain with the help of one example.
Solution: Rhizobium develops nodules on the roots of leguminous plants, according to our findings. Another bacterium, Frankia, produces nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of the non-leguminous...
It is observed that deficiency of a particular element showed its symptoms initially in older leaves and then in younger leaves.
a. Does it indicate that the element is actively mobilized or relatively immobile?
b. Name two highly mobile elements and two which are relatively immobile.
c. How is the aspect of the mobility of elements important to horticulture and agriculture?
Solution: It was discovered that the shortage of a specific element showed its symptoms first in older leaves and later in younger ones. a) If a deficiency of a certain element manifested itself...
A farmer adds/ supplies Na, Ca, Mg and Fe regularly to his field and yet he observes that the plants show a deficiency of Ca, Mg and Fe. Give a valid reason and suggest a way to help the farmer improve the growth of plants.
Solution: A farmer frequently adds/supplies Na, Ca, Mg, and Fe to his field, but the plants still show signs of Ca, Mg, and Fe insufficiency. This is because when the pH is not maintained, the soil...
Carnivorous plants exhibit nutritional adaptation. Citing an example explain this fact.
Solution: Carnivorous plants show nutritional adaptability since their leaves are green, indicating that they are Autotrophic, but they flourish in nitrogen-deficient soil. The leaf of the Pitcher...
How are the terms ‘critical concentration’ and ‘deficient’ different from each other in terms of the concentration of an essential element in plants? How will you find the values of ‘critical concentration’ and ‘deficient’ for minerals – Fe & Zn?
Solution: The critical concentration of essential elements is the concentration of essential elements below which plant growth stops, whereas the critical concentration of essential elements is the...
Name the most crucial enzyme found in root nodules for N2 fixation? Does it require a special pink coloured pigment for its functioning? Elaborate.
Solution: Nitrogenase is an enzyme found in root nodules that transforms free nitrogen in the air to ammonia or other nitrogenous compounds, which is necessary for N2 fixation. Leghaemoglobin, a...
How are organisms like Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus of great significance in the nitrogen cycle?
Solution: During the nitrogen cycle, Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus are engaged in the process of denitrification. The nitrate in the soil is transformed into nitrite.
How is sulphur important for plants? Name the amino acids in which it is present.
Solution: Sulphur is required for the production of chlorophyll and is a key component of a number of coenzymes. It also plays a role in legume modulation. Sulfur can be found in two different amino...
Excess of Mn in the soil leads to a deficiency of Ca, Mg and Fe. Explain.
Solution: Manganese prevents calcium from reaching the root apex, resulting in a deficit. Manganese competes with Magnesium for enzyme binding, resulting in a deficit.
Complete the equation for reductive amination ______?______$+N{{H}_{4}}^{+}+NADPHglutamate+{{H}_{2}}O+NADP$
Solution: Reductive amination is a type of amination reaction in which the carbonyl group is converted to an amine by the production of an imine intermediate.
Rice fields produce important greenhouse gas. Name it.
Solution: Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria present in wet soil create Methane Gas (CH4), a greenhouse gas, which affects the temperature of the earth and helps in maintaining the earth’s...
Name one non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing prokaryote.
Solution: Azotobacter and Beijernickia, free-living (non-symbiotic) and non-photosynthetic aerobic N2-fixing microorganisms. Rhodospirillum, Bacillus polymyxa, and Clostridium are examples of...
Name the macronutrient which is a component of all organic compounds but is not obtained from the soil.
Solution: Carbon is a macronutrient that is required for all organic compounds, as organic substances are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbon comes from the air, in the form of carbon...
Yellowish edges appear in leaves deficient in __________________ mineral .
Solution: Potassium is an important macronutrient that everyone needs. Potassium shortage symptoms include mottled chlorosis and necrosis, which appears first in older leaves, loss of apical...
Plants with zinc deficiency show reduced biosynthesis of _______________.
Solution: Auxin is a growth hormone produced by the tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway, which uses tryptophan as a precursor. Zinc aids in the production of auxin and protects it from...
What is common to Nepenthes, Utricularia and Drosera with regard to the mode of nutrition?
Solution: Insectivorous or carnivorous plants include Nepenthes, Utricularia, and Drosera. They thrive in low-nitrogen environments and release digestive enzymes to break down their prey (insects)....
What is the function of leghaemoglobin in the root nodule of a legume?
Solution: Leghaemoglobin is a red pigment found in the root nodules of leguminous plants such as soybeans and is necessary for nitrogen fixation. It works as a scavenger of oxygen....
A farmer adds Azotobacter culture to the soil before sowing maize. Which mineral element is being replenished?
Solution: Azotobacter is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in the wild. It promotes soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. Increased yields are achieved when maize plants are...
Name an insectivorous angiosperm.
Solution: These angiosperms are insectivorous, which means they eat insects, and they get most of their nutrition from the insects they catch and eat. These plants thrive in humid environments with...
Name a plant which lacks chlorophyll. How will it obtain nutrition?
Solution: Cuscuta, a parasitic plant that is usually found growing on hedge plants, has evolved without chlorophyll and leaves. It gets its nutrition from the parasitic plant it feeds on. They...
Carnivorous plants like Nepenthes and Venus flytrap have nutritional adaptations. Which nutrient do they especially obtain and from where?
Solution: Carnivorous plants like Nepenthes and Venus flytrap grow in nitrogen-deficient soil which causes them to have a nitrogen deficiency. So, since they grow on nitrogen-deficient soil, they...