(a) Origin of replication

(b) Bioreactors

(c) Downstream processing

Solution:

1.Origin of replication

◆A DNA sequence in a genome where replication starts .

◆The process of replication initiation can either be unidirectional or bi-directional.

◆Any piece of DNA when linked to this sequence can be made to replicate within the host cells.

◆The sequence is also responsible to control the copy of the number of the linked DNA.

◆To recover many copies of target DNA, it should be cloned in a vector whose origin supports a high copy number.

2. Bioreactor

◆Large vessels that are used for the large-scale production of biotechnological products from raw resources.

◆  Bioreactors offer optimal conditions by supplying optimum pH, temperature, vitamin, and oxygen etc.

◆ They have an oxygen delivery system, a foam control system, a temperature and pH control system. 

◆It  consists of a sampling port to withdraw a small quantity of culture for the purpose of sampling.

3.Downstream processing

◆It is a method of separating and purifying foreign gene products when the biosynthetic stage is completed. 

◆ The product is exposed to different procedures to separate and purify the product. 

◆When the process is completed, the product is formulated and made to undergo several clinical trials for quality check and other related assessments.