Solution: It is given that 286 kJ mol–1 of warmth is advanced on the development of 1 mol of H2O(l). Accordingly, an equivalent measure of warmth will be consumed by the environmental elements....
Work out the entropy change in environmental elements when 1.00 mol of H2O(l) is shaped under standard conditions.
Comment on the thermodynamic stability of NO(g), given
Solution: The positive worth of ∆rH demonstrates that warmth is assimilated during the development of NO(g). This implies that NO(g) has higher energy than the reactants (N2 and O2)....
The harmony steady for a response is 10. What will be the worth of
Solution: From the articulation, \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} G\theta \text{ }=\text{ }\text{ }2.303\text{ }RT\text{ }logKeq \\ ~ \\ G\theta \text{ }for\text{ }the\text{ }response,\text{ }=\text{...
For the response
Compute ∆Gθ for the response, and anticipate whether the response might happen suddenly.
Solution: For the given response, \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} 2\text{ }A\left( g \right)\text{ }+\text{ }B\left( g \right)\text{ }\to \text{ }2D\left( g \right) \\ ~ \\ ng\text{ }=\text{...
For the response, 2Cl(g) → Cl2(g), what are the indications of ∆H and ∆S ?
Solution: ∆H and ∆S are negative The given response addresses the development of chlorine particle from chlorine molecules. Here, bond development is occurring. Along these lines, energy is being...
For the response at 298 K,
At what temperature will the response become unconstrained believing ∆H and ∆S to be consistent over the temperature range?
Solution: From the articulation, \[G\text{ }=\text{ }H\text{ }\text{ }TS\] Expecting the response at balance, ∆T for the response would be: \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} \left( G\text{...
For a segregated framework,
what will be ∆S?
Solution: ∆S will be positive i.e., more noteworthy than nothing \[Since\text{ }U\text{ }=\text{ }0,\] ∆S will be positive and the response will be unconstrained.
Ascertain the enthalpy change for the interaction
furthermore, ascertain bond enthalpy of C–Cl in CCl4(g).
Solution: The synthetic conditions suggesting to the given upsides of enthalpies are:
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CH3OH(l) from the following data:
Solution: The response that happens during the arrangement of CH3OH(l) can be composed as: \[C\left( s \right)\text{ }+\text{ }2H2O\left( g \right)\text{ }+\text{ }\left( 1/2...
Given
What is the standard enthalpy of development of NH3 gas?
Solution: Standard enthalpy of development of a compound is the adjustment of enthalpy that happens during the arrangement of 1 mole of a substance in its standard structure from its constituent...
Enthalpies of development of CO (g), CO2 (g), N2O (g) and N2O4(g) are – 110, – 393, 81 and 9.7 kJ mol–1 individually. Discover the worth of ∆rH for the response:
Solution: ∆rH for a response is characterized as the contrast between ∆fH worth of items and ∆fH worth of reactants.
Enthalpy of burning of carbon to CO2 is – 393.5 kJ mol–1. Compute the warmth endless supply of 35.2 g of CO2 from carbon and dioxygen gas.
Solution: Arrangement of CO2 from carbon and dioxygen gas can be addressed as: \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} \left( 1\text{ }mole\text{ }=\text{ }44\text{ }g \right) \\ ~ \\ Warmth\text{...
Work out the enthalpy change on freezing of 1.0 mol of water at 10.0°C to ice at – 10.0°C.
Solution: Complete enthalpy change engaged with the change is the amount of the accompanying changes: (a) Energy change engaged with the change of 1 mol of water at 10°C to 1 mol of water at 0°C....
Work out the quantity of kJ of warmth important to raise the temperature of 60.0 g of aluminum from 35°C to 55°C. Molar warmth limit of Al is 24 J mol–1 K–1
solution: From the statement of warmth (q), \[q\text{ }=\text{ }m.\text{ }c.\text{ }T\] Where, \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} c\text{ }=\text{ }molar\text{ }warmth\text{ }limit \\ ~ \\...
The response of cyanamide, NH2CN(s), with dioxygen was done in a bomb calorimeter, and ∆U was observed to be – 742.7 kJ mol–1 at 298 K. Ascertain enthalpy change for the response at 298 K.
Solution: Enthalpy change for a response (∆H) is given by the articulation, \[H\text{ }=\text{ }U\text{ }+\text{ }ngRT\] Where, \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} U\text{ }=\text{ }change\text{...
In a cycle, 701 J of warmth is consumed by a framework and 394 J of work is finished by the framework. What is the adjustment of interior energy for the cycle?
solution: As per the principal law of thermodynamics, \[U\text{ }=\text{ }q\text{ }+\text{ }W\text{ }\left( I \right)\] Where, \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} U\text{ }=\text{ }change\text{...
A response
is found to have a positive entropy change. The response will be (I) conceivable at high temperature (ii) conceivable just at low temperature (iii) unrealistic at any temperature (iv) conceivable at any temperature
Solution: For a response to be unconstrained, ∆G ought to be negative. \[G\text{ }=\text{ }H\text{ }\text{ }TS\] As indicated by the inquiry, for the given response, ...
The enthalpies of all components in their standard states are: (I) Unity (ii) Zero (iii) < 0 (iv) Different for each component
solution: (ii) Zero
For the interaction to happen under adiabatic conditions, the right condition is:
solution: \[\left( iii \right)\text{ }q\text{ }=\text{ }0\] Reason: For an adiabatic interaction heat move is zero, for example \[q\text{ }=\text{ }0.\]
Pick the right reply. A thermodynamic state work is an amount (I) used to decide heat changes (ii) whose worth is free of way (iii) used to decide pressure volume work (iv) whose worth relies upon temperature as it were
(ii) An amount which is autonomous of way. solution: Capacities like strain, volume and temperature relies upon the condition of the framework just and not on the way.
1.0 mol of a monoatomic ideal gas is extended from the state (1) to state (2) as displayed in Fig. 6.4. Ascertain the turn out accomplished for the development of gas from the state (1) to state (2) at 298 K.
solution: \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} W=\text{ }\text{ }2.303nRT\text{ }log\text{ }\left( p1/p2 \right) \\ ~ \\ =\text{ }\text{ }2.303\text{ }\times \text{ }1\text{ }mol\text{ }\times \text{...
Enthalpy graph for a specific response is given in Fig. Is it conceivable to choose the immediacy of a response from the given chart? Clarify.
solution: From the given enthalpy outline it tends to be said the adjustment of enthalpy ∆H is positive for the response, for example it will be endothermic. In any case, when goes to the suddenness...
Address the likely energy/enthalpy change in the accompanying cycles graphically. (a) Throwing a stone starting from the earliest stage rooftop.
In which of the cycles likely energy/enthalpy change is contributing variable to the immediacy?
solution: Among these two cycles, simultaneously or response (b) the expected energy/enthalpy change is contributing component to the immediacy.
How might you ascertain work done on an optimal gas in a pressure, when an adjustment of tension is completed in boundless advances?
solution: At the point when an optimal gas in a pressure, where the adjustment of tension is completed in boundless advances for example through a reversible interaction, the work done can be...
ideal gas encased in a chamber, when it is compacted by steady outer strain, pext in a solitary advance as displayed in Fig? Clarify graphically.
solution: From this chart we can get the be the work done on the ideal gas encased in the chamber in 1 stage: the region covered by P-V diagram (concealed locale) is the real worth of the...
An example of 1.0 mol of a monoatomic ideal gas is taken through a cyclic interaction of extension and pressure as displayed in Fig. What will be the worth of ∆H for the cycle in general?
solution: In the accompanying cyclic ( 1 → 2 →3 →1 ) measure the underlying and last point is something very similar (for example 1). Subsequently the enthalpy change or\[H=\text{ }0\]...
The strain volume work for an ideal gas can be determined by utilizing the articulation w= ʃPexdv. The work can likewise be determined from the pV–a plot by utilizing the region under the bend inside as far as possible. At the point when an ideal gas is compacted (a) reversibly or (b) irreversibly from volume Vi to Vf. pick the right alternative.
Arrangement: Alternative (ii) is the appropriate response. w (reversible) < w (irreversible) Region under the bend is more noteworthy in irreversible pressure than that of reversible...
An ideal gas is permitted to grow against a consistent strain of 2 bar from 10 L to 50 L in one stage. Compute the measure of work done by the gas. In the event that a similar development were done reversibly, will the work is done be higher or lower than the prior case?
solution: \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} Measure\text{ }of\text{ }work\text{ }done\text{ }=\text{ }-\text{ }pext\text{ }V \\ ~ \\ =\text{ }\text{ }2\text{ }bar\text{ }\times \text{ }\left(...
The enthalpy of response for the response :
What will be standard enthalpy of development of H2O (l)?
solution: For the given response : \[2H2\left( g \right)\text{ }+\text{ }O2\left( g \right)\text{ }\to 2H2O\left( l \right)\] the standard enthalpy of response is \[Hr\Theta \text{ }=\text{...
The enthalpy of vapourisation of CCl4 is 30.5 kJ mol–1. Compute the warmth needed for the vapourisation of 284 g of CCl4 at steady tension.
solution: The enthalpy of vapourisation is given \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} for\text{ }1\text{ }mole\text{ }of\text{ }CCl4\text{ }=\text{ }30.5\text{ }kJ\text{ }mol1 \\ ~ \\...
The net enthalpy change of a response is the measure of energy needed to break every one of the bonds in reactant atoms less the measure of energy needed to shape every one of the bonds in the item particles. What will be the enthalpy change for the accompanying response?
Considering that Bond energy of H2, Br2 and HBr is 435 kJ mol–1, 192 kJ mol–1 and 368 kJ mol–1 separately.
solution: For the response \[H2\left( g \right)\text{ }+\text{ }Br2\left( g \right)\text{ }\to 2HBr\left( g \right)\] \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} Enthalpy\text{ }change \\ ~ \\ =\text{...
On the off chance that the burning of 1g of graphite produces 20.7 kJ of warmth, what will be molar enthalpy change? Offer the meaning of the hint too.
solution: The warmth of ignition ∆Hc of graphite (for example carbon) is given as \[=\text{ }20.7\text{ }kJ\] for 1g of graphite (C). \[1\text{ }mole\text{ }of\text{ }Carbon\text{...
The contrast among CP and CV can be inferred utilizing the experimental connection
. Work out the distinction among CP and CV for 10 moles of an optimal gas.
solution: For an optimal gas, the distinction between these two \[is\text{ }CP\text{ }\text{ }CV\text{ }=\text{ }nR,\] the all inclusive gas consistent and \[where\text{ }n=\text{ }no.\text{...
Warmth limit (Cp) is a broad property yet explicit warmth (c) is an escalated property. What will be the connection between Cpand c for 1 mol of water?
solution: \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} For\text{ }water,\text{ }molar\text{ }warmth\text{ }limit\text{ }=\text{ }18\text{ }x\text{ }Specific\text{ }warmth\text{ }or \\ ~ \\ Cp~=\text{...
Development of gas in a vacuum is called free extension. Ascertain the work is done and the adjustment of inner energy when 1 liter of an ideal gas grows isothermally into a vacuum until its complete volume is 5 liter?
solution: Work done in vacuum is determined by : \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} -\text{ }w\text{ }=\text{ }Text\text{ }\left( Vinitial\text{ }\text{ }Vfinal\text{ } \right) \\ ~ \\...
Despite the fact that warmth is a way work yet warms consumed by the framework under certain particular conditions is free of way. What are those conditions? Clarify.
solution: Warmth is free of the way under 2 conditions: At the point when the volume of the framework is kept steady By first law of thermodynamics: ...
Foresee the adjustment of inward energy for a secluded framework at steady volume.
solution: For a disengaged framework \[q=0\text{ }and\text{ }w=0\] What's more, as indicated by first law of thermodynamics: \[U=\text{ }q\text{ }+\text{ }w\text{ }\left(...
Which amount out of ΔrG and ΔrGΘwill be zero at harmony?
solution: Gibbs energy for a response in which all reactants and items are in standard state. ΔrG° is identified with the harmony consistent of the response as follows ...
The molar enthalpy of vapourisation of CH3)2CO is not exactly that of water. Why?
solution: Water has solid hydrogen bonds and the high extremity likewise accumulates in coming about it to bubble at higher temperatures. Thus water has a higher molar enthalpy than CH3)2CO....
Distinguish the state capacities and way works out of the accompanying : enthalpy, entropy, heat, temperature, work, free energy.
solution: State capacities: enthalpy, entropy, temperature and free energy. Way works: Heat and work
The standard molar entropy of H2O (l ) is 70 J K–1 mol–1. Will the standard molar entropy of H2O(s) be more, or under 70 J K–1 mol–1?
solution: The standard molar entropy of H20 (1) is 70 J K-1 mol-1. The strong type of H20 is ice. In ice, atoms of H20 are less irregular than in fluid water. In this way, molar entropy of...
As warm harmony complies with the zeroth law of thermodynamics, temperature of framework and environmental elements will be a similar when they are in warm balance.
solution: For the given response \[N2O4\text{ }\left( g \right)\leftrightharpoons 2NO2\text{ }\left( g \right)\text{ }the\text{ }worth\text{ }of\text{ }Kp\text{ }=\text{ }0.98.\]...
Expansion in enthalpy of the environmental elements is equivalent to the lessening in enthalpy of the framework. Will the temperature of the framework and environmental elements be a similar when they are in warm balance?
solution: As warm balance submits to the zeroth law of thermodynamics, temperature of framework and environmental factors will be a similar when they are in warm balance.
The warmth affects a framework and temperature is the proportion of normal tumultuous movement of particles in the framework. Compose the numerical connection which relates these three boundaries.
solution: The numerical connection which relates these three boundaries is \[\Delta S\text{ }=\text{ }qrev/T\] where ΔS is the adjustment of entropy and T represents...
. Utilize the accompanying information to ascertain Δlattice Hθfor NaBr.
solution: Sublimation of the metal(ΔsubHΘ) →Ionization of the metal (ΔiHΘ) →Dissociation of the non-metal (ΔdissHΘ) →Gain of electrons by the non-metal(ΔegHΘ) \[\Delta f\text{ }H\theta...
The enthalpy of atomisation for the response
. What is the bond energy of the C–H bond?
solution: For 1 C-H bond, the bond energy will be equivalent to 1/4 that of the enthalpy of atomisation \[=\text{ }\left( 1665/4 \right)\text{ }=\text{ }416.25\text{ }kJ\text{...
. Enthalpy is a broad property. As a rule, if the enthalpy of a general response A→B along one course is Δr H and Δr H1, ΔrH2, ΔrH3 … .. address enthalpies of middle responses prompting item B. What will be the connection between ΔrH for generally speaking response and ΔrH1, ΔrH2… .. and so forth for moderate responses.
solution: For the response, A→B the development of B goes through a few middle of the road responses with various enthalpy esteems Δr H1, ΔrH2, ΔrH3… .., and the general enthalpy change is Δr...
. The worth of
. Compute the enthalpy change for the accompanying response :
solution: Enthalpy change of a response is determined as : Σbond enthalpy of reactants-Σbond enthalpy of items for the deterioration \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} 2NH3\left( g...
Standard molar enthalpy of arrangement, Δf Hθis simply a unique instance of enthalpy of response, Δr Hθ. Is the Δr Hθfor the accompanying response same as Δf Hθ? Offer the justification behind your response.
solution: The given response \[CaO\left( s \right)\text{ }+\text{ }CO2\left( g \right)\text{ }\to CaCO3\left( s \right)\] is demonstrating that it is happening in the standard type of 1 mole...
. One mole of CH3)2CO requires less warmth to disintegrate than 1 mol of water. Which of the two fluids has a higher enthalpy of vapourisation?
solution: Among the two fluids, water has a higher enthalpy of vapourisation (burning-through higher warmth energy). Thusly, ∆Hvapourisation (water) > ∆Hvapourisation...
18.0 g of water totally vapourises at 100°C and 1 bar pressure and the enthalpy change in the process is 40.79 kJ mol–1. What will be the enthalpy change for vapourising two moles of water under similar conditions? What is the standard enthalpy of vapourisation for water?
solution: Enthalpy change of vapourisation for \[1\text{ }mole\text{ }=\text{ }40.79\text{ }kJ\text{ }mol1\] enthalpy change of vapourisation for \[2\text{ }moles\text{ }of\text{ }water\text{...
. Think about the accompanying response among zinc and oxygen and pick the right alternatives out of the choices given underneath :
(i) The enthalpy of two moles of ZnO is not exactly the absolute enthalpy of two moles of Zn and one mole of oxygen by 693.8 kJ. (ii) The enthalpy of two moles of ZnO is more than the absolute enthalpy of two moles of Zn and one mole of oxygen by 693.8 kJ. (iii) 693.8 kJ mol–1 energy is advanced in the response. (iv) 693.8 kJ mol–1 energy is caught up in the response.
solution: Choice (I) and (iii) are the appropriate responses
. For an optimal gas, crafted by reversible extension under isothermal condition can be determined by utilizing the articulation
An example containing 1.0 mol of an ideal gas is extended isothermally and reversibly to multiple times of its unique volume, in two separate tests. The extension is completed at 300 K and 600 K separately. Pick the right alternative. (I) Work done at 600 K is multiple times the work done at 300 K. (ii) Work done at 300 K is double the work done at 600 K. (iii) Work done at 600 K is double the work done at 300 K. (iv) ∆U = 0 in the two cases.
solution: Alternative (iii) and (iv) are the appropriate responses. work done at 600 K is double the work done at 300 K. Since each case includes isothermal extension of an optimal gas, there...
The immediacy implies, having the capacity to continue without the help of an outer organization. The cycles which happen immediately are (I) stream of warmth from colder to hotter body. (ii) gas in a compartment contracting into one corner. (iii) gas extending to fill the accessible volume. (iv) consuming carbon in oxygen to give carbon dioxide.
solution: Alternative (iii) and (iv) are the appropriate responses. Gas grows or diffuses in accessible space suddenly, e.g., spillage of cooking gas gives smell of ethyl mercaptan...
In an exothermic response, heat is advanced, and the framework loses warmth to the encompassing. For such a framework (I) qp will be negative (ii) ∆rH will be negative (iii) qp will be positive (iv) ∆rH will be positive
solution: Choice (I) and (ii) are the appropriate responses. For an exothermic response\[,\text{ }qp~=\text{ }-\text{ }ve,\text{ }\gamma H\text{ }=\text{ }-\text{ }ve\]
. Thermodynamics essentially manages (I) interrelation of different types of energy and their change from one structure to another. (ii) energy changes in the cycles which rely just upon starting and last conditions of the minute frameworks containing a couple of particles. (iii) how and at what rate these energy changes are done. (iv) the framework in harmony state or moving from one balance state to another harmony state.
solution: Alternative (I) and (iv) are the appropriate responses. Thermodynamics manages interrelation of different types of energy and their change into one another. It additionally manages...
. Which of coming up next isn’t right? (I) ∆G is zero for a reversible response (ii) ∆G is positive for an unconstrained response (iii) ∆G is negative for an unconstrained response (iv) ∆G is positive for a non-unconstrained response
solution: Alternative (ii) is the appropriate response. ∆G gives a basis for suddenness at consistent strain and temperature. (I) If ∆G is negative (< 0). the cycle is...
. Enthalpy of sublimation of a substance is equivalent to (I) enthalpy of combination + enthalpy of vapourisation (ii) enthalpy of combination (iii) enthalpy of vapourisation (iv) double the enthalpy of vapourisation
solution: Choice (I) is the appropriate response. Enthalpy of sublimation of a substance is equivalent to enthalpy of combination + enthalpy of vapourisation. Sublimation is immediate...
The enthalpies of components in their standard states are taken as nothing. The enthalpy of arrangement of a compound (I) is consistently negative (ii) is consistently sure (iii) possibly certain or negative (iv) is rarely negative
solution: Choice (iii) is the appropriate response. Warmth of arrangement of a compound might be positive or negative.
. Consider the responses given beneath. Based on these responses discover which of the arithmetical relations given in choices (I) to (iv) is right?
solution: Choice (iii) is the appropriate response. x > y because same bonds are formed in reactions (i) and (ii) but bonds between reactant molecules are broken only in reaction...
Based on thermochemical conditions (a), (b) and (c), discover which of the logarithmic connections given in alternatives (I) to (iv) is right.
solution: Choice (iii) is the appropriate response. \[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}} \left( a \right)\text{ }C\text{ }\left( graphite \right)\text{ }+\text{ }O2\text{ }\left( g \right)\text{ }\to...
The entropy change can be determined by utilizing the articulation
At the point when water freezes in a glass container, pick the right assertion among the accompanying : (I) ∆S (framework) diminishes however ∆S (environmental factors) stays as before. (ii) ∆S (framework) increments yet ∆S (environmental elements) diminishes. (iii) ∆S (framework) diminishes yet ∆S (environmental elements) increments. (iv) ∆S (framework) diminishes and ∆S (environmental factors) likewise diminishes.
solution: Alternative (iii) is the appropriate response. During the method involved with freezing energy is released,which is consumed by the environmental factors. Therefore,the entropy off...
In an adiabatic interaction, no exchange of warmth happens among framework and environmental elements. Pick the right choice with the expectation of complimentary extension of an optimal gas under adiabatic condition from the accompanying.
solution: Choice (iii) is the appropriate response. With the expectation of complimentary extension w = 0 For adiabatic cycle q = 0 From first law of thermodynamics, ...
. ∆fUᶱ of arrangement of CH4 (g) at certain temperature is – 393 kJ mol–1. The worth of ∆ fHᶱ is (I) zero (ii) < ∆f Uᶱ (iii) > ∆f Uᶱ (iv) equivalent to ∆f Uᶱ
solution: Choice (ii) is the appropriate response.
During complete burning of one mole of butane, 2658 kJ of warmth is delivered. The thermochemical response for above change is
solution: Choice (iii) is the appropriate response. Exothermic reaction for combustion of one mole of butane is represented as \[\left( iii \right)\text{ }C4H10\left( g \right)\text{...
. The volume of gas is decreased to half from its unique volume. The particular warmth will be ______. (I) decrease to half (ii) be multiplied (iii) stay consistent (iv) increment multiple times
solution: Alternative (iii) is the appropriate response. The particular warmth of a substance is the warmth needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by one degree (1 K or 1...
The condition of a gas can be portrayed by citing the relationship between___. (I) pressure, volume, temperature (ii) temperature, sum, pressure (iii) the sum, volume, temperature (iv) pressure, volume, temperature, sum
solution: Alternative (iv) is the appropriate response. Condition of a framework can be portrayed by state capacities or state factors which are pressure, volume, temperature and measure of...
Which of the accompanying assertions is right? (I) The presence of responding species in a covered measuring utencil is an illustration of an open framework. (ii) There is a trade of energy just as a matter between the framework also, the environmental elements in a shut framework. (iii) The presence of reactants in a shut vessel made down of copper is an illustration of a shut framework. (iv) The presence of reactants in a canteen jar or some other shut protected vessel is an illustration of a shut framework.
solution: Alternative (iii) is the appropriate response. For a shut vessel made down of copper, regardless of can be traded between the framework and the environmental elements however energy trade...
Thermodynamics isn’t worried about______. (I) energy changes associated with a substance response. (ii) the degree to which a substance response continues. (iii) the rate at which a response continues. (iv) the practicality of a synthetic response.
solution: Choice (iii) is the appropriate response. This is because Thermodynamics informs us concerning the practicality, energy changes and degree of compound response. It doesn't informs us...