Solution: During the formation of chemical compounds or molecules, an element's valence or valency is measured in terms of its ability to combine with other atoms, which is known as its combining...
Atomic number of a few elements are given below 10, 20, 7, 14
Atomic number of a few elements are given below 10, 20, 7, 14
(a) Identify the elements
Solution: (a)Elements are Neon (10) Calcium (20) Nitrogen (7) Silicon (14) (b)Neon belongs to group 18, Calcium belongs to group 2, Nitrogen belongs to group 7 and Silicon belongs to group 14.
An element X (atomic number 17) reacts with an element Y (atomic number 20) to form a divalent halide.
(a) Where in the periodic table are elements X and Y placed?
(b) Classify X and Y as metal (s), non-metal (s) or metalloid (s)
Solution: The answer of the following is: (a)X is in Group 17, period 3 and Y is in group 2 Period 4. (b)X is Non-metal and Y is metal
An element X (atomic number 17) reacts with an element Y (atomic number 20) to form a divalent halide.
(c) What will be the nature of oxide of element Y? Identify the nature of bonding in the compound formed
(d) Draw the electron dot structure of the divalent halide.
Solution: c) Y Oxide will be a fundamental element in nature. Ionic bonding results in the formation of a compound. d) The electron dot structure:
An element is placed in 2nd Group and 3rd Period of the Periodic Table, burns in presence of oxygen to form a basic oxide.
(c) Write the balanced equation when it burns in the presence of air
(d) Write a balanced equation when this oxide is dissolved in water.
Solution: The answer: (c) 2Mg+O2 $\to$ 2MgO (d) MgO+ H2O $\to$ Mg(OH)2
An element is placed in 2nd Group and 3rd Period of the Periodic Table, burns in presence of oxygen to form a basic oxide.
(e) Draw the electron dot structure for the formation of this oxide
Solution: Lewis structures, also known as Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures, are diagrams that depict the bonding between atoms in a...
An element is placed in 2nd Group and 3rd Period of the Periodic Table, burns in presence of oxygen to form a basic oxide.
(a) Identify the element
(b) Write the electronic configuration.
Solution: The answer is: (a) Element is Magnesium (b) Electronic Configuration-2,8,2
Properties of the elements are given below. Where would you locate the following elements in the periodic table?
An element whose thin oxide layer is used to make other elements corrosion-resistant by the process of “anodising”
Solution: The answer is Aluminium Group 13 Period 3
Properties of the elements are given below. Where would you locate the following elements in the periodic table?
(1) An element which is tetravalent and forms the basis of organic chemistry
(2) An element which is an inert gas with atomic number 2
Solution: The answer of the following: Carbon Group 14 Period 2Helium Group 18 Period 1
Properties of the elements are given below. Where would you locate the following elements in the periodic table?
(a) A soft metal stored under kerosene
(b) An element with variable (more than one) valency stored underwater.
Solution: The answer for the following are: Sodium Group 1 Period 3Phosphorus Group 15 Period 3
Give an account of the process adopted by Mendeleev ′ for the classification of elements. How did he arrive at “Periodic Law”?
Solution: Only 63 elements were known at the time of Mendeleev's discovery. Mendeleev looked into the relationship between chemical characteristics and the atomic manes of elements in the periodic...
Which group of elements could be placed in Mendeleev’s ′ Periodic Table without disturbing the original order? Give reason.
Solution: Inert gases could be included in Mendeleev's Periodic Table without causing any disruptions to the original order of elements. Noble gases, such as Helium, were known prior to Mendeleev's...
Identify the elements with the following property and arrange them in increasing order of their reactivity
(a) An element which is a soft and reactive metal
(b) The metal which is an important constituent of limestone
(c) The metal which exists in a liquid state at room temperature
Solution: (a) Sodium (b) Calcium (c) Mercury and order of reactivity : Hg < Ca < Na
Arrange the following elements in the increasing order of their metallic character Mg, Ca, K, Ge, Ga.
Solution: The arrangement in order required is Ge < Ga < Mg < Ca < K
Write the formula of the product formed when the element A (atomic number 19) combines with the element B (atomic number 17). Draw its electronic dot structure. What is the nature of the bond formed?
Solution: The letter K represents element A. (Potassium). It would be possible to have the electrical configuration of element A (atomic number 19) as 2, 8, 8, 1. Because it has only one valence...
Identify and name the metals out of the following elements whose electronic configurations are given below.
(a) 2, 8, 2
(b) 2, 8, 1
(c) 2, 8, 7
(d) 2, 1
Solution: The names of the following are: MagnesiumSodiumChlorineLithium Metals from the following are- Magnesium, Sodium, Lithium.
Arrange the following elements in increasing order of their atomic radii.
(a) Li, Be, F, N
(b) Cl, At, Br I
Solution: The elements in question are all members of the same group and are sorted from left to right. As a result, their atomic radii are increasing in order of magnitude. a)Li>Be>F>N b)...
Compare the radii of two species X and Y. Give reasons for your answer.
(a) X has 12 protons and 12 electrons
(b) Y has 12 protons and 10 electrons
Solution: From electron arrangement X -2, 8, 2 Y -2, 8 Because Y has fewer energy levels than X, the atomic radius of Y will be less than that of the latter.
Three elements A, B and C have 3, 4 and 2 electrons respectively in their outermost shell. Give the group number to which they belong in the Modern Periodic Table. Also, give their valencies.
Solution: A belongs to Group 13, B belongs to Group 14, and C belongs to Group 2. A belongs to Group 13 and B belongs to Group 14. The values of A, B, and C are 3, 4, and 2, respectively.
Write the formulae of chlorides of Eka-silicon and Eka-aluminium, the elements predicted by Mendeleev.
Solution: Eka-silicon is a kind of germanium (Ge). It belongs to group 4 of Mendeleev's periodic table, and as a result, it has a valency of four. GeCl4 is the chemical formula for its chloride....
In Mendeleev’s Periodic Table the elements were arranged in the increasing order of their atomic masses. However, cobalt with an atomic mass of 58.93 amu was placed before nickel having an atomic mass of 58.71 amu. Give a reason for the same.
Solution: It is possible to find instances in Mendeleev ′s Periodic Table in which elements with higher atomic masses are put before ones with lower atomic masses, and vice versa. As a result, items...
“Hydrogen occupies a unique position in Modern Periodic Table”. Justify the statement.
Solution: Because of the following factors, hydrogen holds a unique place in the Modern Periodic Table. The outer electronic configuration of hydrogen and alkali metals is comparable because both...
Can the following groups of elements be classified as Dobereiner’s triad?
(a) Na, Si, Cl
(b) Be, Mg, Ca
The atomic mass of Be 9; Na 23; Mg 24; Si 28; Cl 35; Ca 40 Explain by giving a reason.
Solution: Despite the fact that the atomic mass of Silicon is equal to the average of the atomic masses of Sodium and Chlorine, the elements do not have the same physical properties and hence cannot...
Elements have been arranged in the following sequence on the basis of their increasing atomic masses. F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K (a) Pick two sets of elements which have similar properties. (b) The given sequence represents which law of classification of elements?
Solution: a) Metals include sodium, magnesium, aluminum, and potassium. Halogens include the elements F and Cl. There are two sets of elements in total.b) Mendeleev's law of periodicity is...
The three elements A, B and C with similar properties have atomic masses X, Y and Z respectively. The mass of Y is approximately equal to the average mass of X and Z. What is such an arrangement of elements called as? Give one example of such a set of elements.
Solution: Triads are a type of arrangement of elements that is commonly found in nature. For example, the elements lithium, sodium, and potassium form a trio. These elements have atomic masses of...
On moving from left to right in a period in the periodic table, the size of the atom.
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) does not change appreciably
(d) first decreases and then increases
Solution: The answer is (b) decreases Explanation: When we move from left to right in a period, the radius of the atom shrinks, and as a result, the size of the atom reduces as well.
Which one of the following does not increase while moving down the group of the periodic table?
(a) Atomic radius
(b) Metallic character
(c) Valence
(d) Number of shells in an element
Solution: The answer is (c) Valence Explanation: In the periodic table, advancing down a group does not result in an increase in the number of valence electrons present.
Which one of the following depicts the correct representation of the atomic radius(r) of an atom?
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Solution: The answer is (b) (ii) and (iii) Explanation: Atomic radius, which is defined as the distance between the nucleus and the outermost orbital, is clearly displayed in photos ii) and iii),...
The element with atomic number 14 is hard and forms acidic oxide and a covalent halide. To which of the following categories does the element belong?
(a) Metal
(b) Metalloid
(c) Non-metal
(d) Left-hand side element
Solution: The answer is (b) Metalloid Explanation: Silicon has an electrical configuration of 2, 8, and 4 atoms. Considering that the outermost shell has just four electrons, it requires an...
Which of the following elements will form an acidic oxide?
(a) An element with atomic number 7
(b) An element with atomic number 3
(c) An element with atomic number 12
(d) An element with atomic number 19
Solution: The answer is (a) An element with atomic number 7 Explanation: The element with atomic number 7 has electron configuration 2,5, which means it has the ability to gain three electrons and...
Three elements B, Si and Ge are
(a) metals
(b) non-metals
(c) metalloids
(d) metal, non-metal, and metalloid respectively
Solution: The answer is (c) metalloids Explanation: Metalloids include the elements boron (B), silicon (Si), and germanium (Ge). Arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), polonium (Po), and...
What type of oxide would Eka– aluminium form?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) EO
Solution: Answer is (c) E2O3 Explanation: Aluminum is Al with an oxidation state of +3, it may be converted into Al3+, and it has a valency of +3. $Al_2O_3$ will be formed as a result.Gallium and...
Arrange the following elements in the order of their increasing non-metallic character Li, O, C, Be, F
(a) F < O < C < Be < Li
(b) Li < Be < C < O< F
(c) F < O < C < Be < Li
(d) F < O < Be < C < Li
Solution: The answer is b) Explanation: Li is located on the left side of the current periodic table in the second period, followed by berrylium. Fluorine is located directly across from Neon. As a...
Arrange the following elements in the order of their decreasing metallic character Na, Si, Cl, Mg, Al
(a) Cl > Si >Al > Mg >Na
(b) Na >Mg >Al >Si > Cl
(c) Na > Al > Mg > Cl > Si
(d) Al > Na> Si > Ca> Mg
Solution: The answer is (b) Na >Mg >Al >Si > Cl Explanation: Na has one electron in its valence shell, magnesium has two, aluminium has three, and chlorine has seven electrons in its valence shell....
Which of the following are the characteristics of isotopes of an element?
(i) Isotopes of an element have the same atomic masses
(ii) Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number
(iii) Isotopes of an element show the same physical properties
(iv) Isotopes of an element show the same chemical properties
(a) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
Solution: Option d) is the answer. Explanation: Isotopes are elements that have the same atomic number but have different atomic masses, and they are classified as such. Isotopes have the same...
Which of the following elements does not lose an electron easily?
(a) Na
(b) F
(c) Mg
(d) Al
Solution: Option b) is the answer Explanation: Sodium has one electron, magnesium has two, and aluminum has three electrons in its outermost shell, whereas fluorine has seven electrons in its...
Which of the following elements would lose an electron easily?
(a) Mg
(b) Na
(c) K
(d) Ca
Solution: The answer is (c) K Explanation: Magnesium and calcium are both members of the group I, while sodium and potassium are members of a different group (II). Given that K has only one electron...
Which among the following elements has the largest atomic radii?
(a) Na
(b) Mg
(c) K
(d) Ca
Solution: The answer is (c) K Explanation: Because atomic radii decrease from left to right during a period of time, K has the biggest atomic radii of all the elements. This is due to an increase in...
Which of the following gives the correct increasing order of the atomic radii of O, F and N?
a) O, F, N
(b) N, F, O
(c) O, N, F
(d) F, O, N
Solution: The answer is (d) F, O, N Explanation: As you move from left to right over a period, the radius of an atom grows. The atomic numbers (N7), O(8), and F(10) are listed in increasing sequence...
Which one of the following elements exhibit a maximum number of valence electrons?
(a) Na
(b) Al
(c) Si
(d) P
Solution:The answer is (d) P Explanation: The electronic configurations of Na, Al, Si, and P are 2,8,1, 2,8,3,2,8,4, and 2,8,5 for the elements in the periodic table. The number of valence electrons...
Which of the following is the outermost shell for elements of period 2?
(a) K shell
(b) L shell
(c) M shell
(d) N shell
Solution: The answer is (b) L shell Explanation: There are two shells in period 18, designated as K and L.
An element which is an essential constituent of all organic compounds belongs to
(a) group 1
(b) group 14
(c) group 15
(d) group 16
Solution: The answer is b) group 14 Explanation: Carbon is an essential ingredient of all organic molecules that are members of the 14th chemical group.
Where would you locate the element with electronic configuration 2,8 in the Modern Periodic Table?
(a) Group 8
(b) Group 2
(c) Group 18
(d) Group 10
Solution: The answer is (c) Group 18 Explanation: Because group 18 has all of its outermost shells entirely filled, any element having an electrical configuration falls into this category.
The elements A, B, C, D and E have atomic number 9, 11, 17, 12 and 13 respectively. Which pair of elements belong to the same group?
(a) A and B
(b) B and D
(c) A and C
(d) D and E
Solution: The answer is (c) A and C Explanation: Here A is Fluorine(Group 17), B is Sodium (Group 1), C is Chlorine (Group 17), D is Magnesium(Group 2) and E is Aluminium (Group 13). A and C are...
Which of the given elements A, B, C, D and E with atomic number 2, 3, 7, 10 and 30 respectively belong to the same period?
(a) A, B, C
(b) B, C, D
(c) A, D, E
(d) B, D, E
Solution: The answer is (b) B, C, D Explanation: The first period is dominated by the element with the highest atomic number, whereas the second period is dominated by elements B, C, and D.
Which of the following statements about the Modern Periodic Table is correct:
(a) It has 18 horizontal rows known as Periods
(b) It has 7 vertical columns known as Periods
(c) It has 18 vertical columns known as Groups
(d) It has 7 horizontal rows known as Groups
Solution: The answer is (c) It has 18 vertical columns known as Groups Explanation: The modern periodic table is divided into 18 groups and seven periods. Columns are referred to as groups, while...
Which of the following statement (s) about the Modern Periodic Table are incorrect
(i) The elements in the Modern Periodic Table are arranged based on their decreasing atomic number
(ii) The elements in the Modern Periodic Table are arranged based on their increasing atomic masses
(iii) Isotopes are placed in adjoining group (s) in the Periodic Table
(iv) The elements in the Modern Periodic Table are arranged based on their increasing atomic number
(a) (i) only
(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(d) (iv) only
Solution: Answer: (b) (i), (ii) and (iii) Explanation:...
In Mendeleev’s Periodic Table, gaps were left for the elements to be discovered later. Which of the following elements found a place in the periodic table later
(a) Germanium
(b) Chlorine
(c) Oxygen
(d) Silicon
Solution: Answer: a) Germanium Explanation: Initially, Mendeleev designated unidentified elements as EKA- Boron, EKA- Aluminum, and EKA Silicon, which were later renamed Scandium, Gallium, and...
The following reaction is an example of a:
(i) displacement reaction
(ii) combination reaction
(iii) redox reaction
(iv) neutralisation reaction
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Answer: (c) (i) and (iii) Explanation: The reaction described here is a combination of displacement and redox reactions. The displacement reaction occurs when oxygen displaces hydrogen in ammonia,...
Which of the following is not a physical change?
(a) Boiling of water to give water vapour
(b) Melting of ice to give water
(c) Dissolution of salt in water
(d) Combustion of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Answer: (d) Combustion of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Explanation: Because a new compound is generated after burning, combustion is always accompanied by a chemical change, which is irreversible...
What does ICZN rely on?
Arrangement: ICZN represents International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. It directs a uniform arrangement of zoological terminology.
Two pea plants one with round green seeds (RRyy) and another with wrinkled yellow (rrYY) seeds produce F1 progeny that have round, yellow (RrYy) seeds. When F1 plants are selfed, the F2 progeny will have a new combination of characters. Choose the new combination from the following
(i)Round, yellow
(ii) Round, green
(iii) Wrinkled, yellow
(iv) Wrinkled, green
a)(i) and (ii)
b)(i) and (iv)
c)(ii) and (iii)
d)(i )and (iii)
Solution: The cross between the F2 progeny of the same plant is - Hence, the correct answer is (c) (ii) and (iii).
37. Why are the Arabari forests of Bengal known to be a good example of conserved forest
Solution – the arabari forests are the best example of the conserved forest. This has happened because of the involvement of the forest department. The forest department included the localities to...
36. What is the importance of the forest as a resource?
Solution – importance of forest as a resource – Forest provides habitat to numerous wildlife It protects wild life and provide them with food . It balances the oxygen and carbon dioxide level in the...
35. Suggest a few useful ways of utilising wastewater.
Solution – waste water can be used in following ways : Can be used for irrigation Can be used to water the plants in the garden Municipal water can be used for washing of the vehicles Municipal...
34. Is water conservation necessary? Give reasons.
Solution – life without water cannot be even thought of because all life processes are dependent on water . So , yes conservation of water is very necessary . We all know that Earth has ¾ of...
33. Prepare a list of five activities that you perform daily in which natural resources can be conserved or energy utilisation can be minimised
Solution – activities performed are : Switching off the lights and fans when not in use Walking to the near by places .Close the taps when not in use Use of solar energy wherever possible . Using of...
32. In the context of conservation of natural resources, explain the terms reduce, recycle and reuse. From among the materials that we use in daily life, identify two materials for each category.
Solution – explanation of the terms with examples – Reduce – when the use of the material or substance is lowered . For eg. Electricity , petroleum Recycle – when the used material is converted into...
31. (a) Locate and name the water reservoirs in Figures16.1 (a) and (b).
(b) Which has an advantage over the other and why? Solution – ( a )Figure 16.1 (a ) is a pond ecosystem . Figure 16.1 (b ) is an underground water body . ( b ) ground...
30. Suggest a few measures for controlling carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Solution – methods to control carbon dioxide level in atmosphere – Encouraging the use of public transportation in place of private vehicles .Use of CNG .Planting of more trees .Pollution check of...
29. Although coal and petroleum are produced by degradation of biomass, yet we need to conserve them. Why?
Solution – formation of coal and petroleum requires million of years . Demand of petroleum is more than its production . So if we do not cut off its usage it will be depleted soon . This is the...
28. What measures would you take to conserve electricity in your house ?
Solution – measure taken to conserve electricity in your house are – Switch off all the lights and fans and other electric appliances when not in use .Keeps window open for natural sunlight .Replace...
27. In a village in Karnataka, people started cultivating crops all around a lake which was always filled with water. They added fertilisers to their field in order to enhance the yield. Soon they discovered that the waterbody was completely covered with green floating plants and fishes started dying in large numbers.
Analyse the situation and give reasons for excessive growth of plants and death of fish in the lake. Solution – the fertilizers used for irrigation had spread into the lake water . The chemicals...
26. List two advantages associated with water harvesting at the community level.
Solution – advantages of water harvesting at community level are – It reduces the use of ground water .It protects from storm water runoff . It reduces the damage to the creeks and water habitats...
25. Prepare a list of five items that you use daily in the school. Identify from the list such items that can be recycled.
Solution – list of things used in school daily – paper , pen , pencil ,eraser , bag , steel lunch box , steel water bottle , compass and divider ( made of metal ) , List of things that can be...
24. It is important to make small check dams across the flooded gullies because they
(i) hold water for irrigation (ii) hold water and prevent soil erosion (iii) recharge groundwater (iv) hold water permanently (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv)...
23. Select the eco-friendly activity among the following
(a) Using a car for transportation (b) Using polybags for shopping (c) Using dyes for colouring clothes d) Using windmills to generate power for irrigation Correct option- ( d ) Explanation - use of...
22. Pick the right combination of terms which has no fossil fuel.
(a) Wind, ocean and coal (b) Kerosene, wind and tide (c) Wind, wood, sun (d) Petroleum, wood, sun Correct option – ( c ) Explanation – coal , kerosene , petroleum all has fossil fuel . While wind...
21. Khadins, Bundhis, Ahars and Kattas are ancient structures that are examples for
(a) grain storage (b) wood storage (c) water harvesting (d) soil conservation Correct option – ( c ) Explanation - Khadins, Bundhis, Ahars and Kattas are all examples of water harvesting that...
20. Opposition to the construction of large dams is due to
(a) social reasons (b) economic reasons (c) environmental reasons (d) all the above Correct option – ( d ) Explanation – construction of large dams are opposed on large scale . It is so because if...
19. Groundwater will not be depleted due to
(a) afforestation (b) thermal power plants (c) loss of forest, and decreased rainfall (d) cropping of high water demanding crops Correct option – ( b ) Explanation – ground water will not ...
18. Arabari forests of Bengal is dominated by
(a) Teak (b) Sal (c) Bamboo (d) Mangroove Correct option – ( b ) Explanation – Ion Bengal the arabari forests have dominant vegetation of sal ( Shorea robusta ) . It is a commercial crop which is...
17. Select the wrong statement
(a) Forests provide a variety of products (b) Forests have greater plant diversity (c) Forests do not conserve soil (d) Forests conserve water Correct option – ( c ) Explanation – Forests perform a...
16. Which of the following is not a natural resource?
(a) Mango tree (b) Snake (c) Wind (d) Wooden house Correct option – ( d ) Explanation - wooden house is not a natural resource as it is made by human being for its own use . While others...
15. Select the incorrect statement
(a) Economic development is linked to environmental conservation (b) Sustainable development encourages development for current generation and conservation of resources for future generations (c)...
14. Expand the abbreviation GAP
(a) Governmental Agency for Pollution Control (b) Gross Assimilation by Photosynthesis (c) Ganga Action Plan (d) Governmental Agency for Animal Protection Correct option – ( c ) Explanation – GAP...
13. In our country, there are attempts to increase the height of several existing dams like Tehri and Almati, dams across Narmada. Choose the correct statements among the following that are a consequence of raising the height of dams
(i) Terrestrial flora and fauna of the area is destroyed completely (ii) Dislocation of people and domestic animals living in the area (iii) Valuable agricultural land may be permanently lost (iv)...
12. The important message conveyed by the ‘Chipko Movement’ is
(a) to involve the community in forest conservation efforts (b) to ignore the community in forest conservation efforts (c) to cut down forest trees for developmental activities (d) government...
11. A successful forest conservation strategy should involve
(a) protection of animals at the highest trophic level (b) protection of only consumers (c) protection of only herbivores (d) comprehensive programme to protect all the physical and biological...
10. In our country, vast tracts of forests are cleared and a single species of plant is cultivated. This practice promotes
(a) biodiversity in the area (b) monoculture in the area (c) growth of natural forest (d) preserves the natural ecosystem in the area Correct option – ( b ) Explanation – monoculture is the practice...
9. Among the statements given below to select the ones that correctly describe the concept of sustainable development
(i) Planned growth with minimum damage to the environment (ii) Growth irrespective of the extent of damage caused to the environment (iii) Stopping all developmental work to conserve the environment...
8. Given below are a few statements related to biodiversity. Pick those that correctly describes the concept of biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the different species of flora and fauna present in an areaBiodiversity refers to only the flora of a given areaBiodiversity is greater in a forestBiodiversity refers to the...
7. The three R’s that will help us to conserve natural resources for long term use are
(a) recycle, regenerate, reuse (b) reduce, regenerate, reuse (c) reduce, reuse, redistribute (d) reduce, recycle, reuse Correct option – ( d ) Explanation – to conserve the natural resources...
6. The pH range most conducive for life of freshwater plants and animals is
(a) 6.5 – 7.5 (b) 2.0 – 3.5 (c) 3.5 – 5.0 (d) 9.0 – 10.5 Correct option – ( a ) Explanation – for the life of the freshwater plants and animals the pH of water should neither be acidic nor basic ,...
5. The pH of water sample collected from a river was found to be acidic in the range of 3.5 – 4.5, on the banks of the river were several factories that were discharging effluents into the river. The effluents of which one of the following factories is the most likely cause for lowering the pH of river water?
(a) Soap and detergent factory (b) Lead battery manufacturing factory (c) Plastic cup manufacturing factory (d) Alcohol distillery Correct option – ( d ) Explanation – alcohol distillery is...
4. The main cause for abundant coliform bacteria in the river Ganga is
(a) disposal of unburnt corpses into water (b) discharge of effluents from electroplating industries (c) washing of clothes (d) immersion of ashes Correct option – ( a ) Explanation – human excreta...
3. The most appropriate definition of a natural resource is that it is a substance/commodity that is
(a) present only on land (b) a gift of nature which is very useful to mankind (c) a man-made substance placed in nature (d) available only in the forest Correct option – ( b ) Explanation –...
2. The most rapidly dwindling natural resource in the world is
(a) water (b) forests (c) wind (d) sunlight Correct option – ( b ) Explanation – water , wind and sunlight are natural resources but they are non- exhaustible resources . The forests are also...
1. From the list given below to pick the item that is not a natural resource
(a) Soil (b) Water (c) Electricity (d) Air Correct option – ( c ) Explanation – electricity is man made resource while soil , water and air are natural resources bestowed to us by the nature...
38. Explain some harmful effects of agricultural practices on the environment.
Solution – harmful effects of agricultural practices on the environment are – Loss of the fertility of the soil by cropping which can also cause soil erosion .Decrease in the underground water level...
37. What are the by-products of fertiliser industries? How do they affect the environment?
Solution – oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are the by – products of the fertiliser industry . Other products include solid , liquid chemicals and some solid waste materials . These results in massive...
36. Suggest suitable mechanism (s) for waste management in fertilizer industries.
Solution – the main waste of the fertilizer industry are the effluents and the harmful gases .To manage the waste emitted by the fertiliser industries following measures can be opted : Some...
35. Name the wastes which are generated in your house daily. What measures would you take for their disposal?
Solution – waste generated in the house and methods used for their disposal are – Waste materialMethod of disposalMilk pouches , poly bagsSafe disposal of plastic bagsDirt and sweeping wasteShould...
34. Give two differences between food chain and food web.
Solution Food chain Food webit is a natural system through which energy is transferred from one organism to the other . It comprises of numerous inter connected food chains . Instability of the...
33. Suggest any four activities in daily life which are eco-friendly .
Solution – the four activities which are eco – friendly in our daily life are – Harvesting of rain water Walking for short distances Using of public transport or encouraging sharing in place of use...
32. What are decomposers? What will be the consequence of their absence in an ecosystem?
Solution – micro – organisms which break down the dead and decaying waste products are known as the decomposers . They break down the complex organic substances into simpler ones . These substances...
31. Indicate the flow of energy in an ecosystem. Why is it unidirectional? Justify.
Solution – the flow of energy via living things in an ecosystem is known as the energy flow . All living organisms are categorized into producers and consumers . Further these producers and...
30. We do not clean ponds or lakes, but an aquarium needs to be cleaned. Why
Solution – pond or a lake is a natural ecosystem so its complete and does not require and cleaning from outside . While an aquarium is an artificial incomplete ecosystem , which needs regular...
29. Select the mismatched pair in the following and correct it.
(a) Biomagnification — Accumulation of chemicals at the successive trophic levels of a food chain (b) Ecosystem — Biotic components of environment (c) Aquarium — A man-made ecosystem (d) Parasites —...
28. Explain the role of decomposers in the environment?
Solution – dead and decaying living matter is broken down by the decomposers present in the environment . They recycle dead animals into chemical nutrients . This aids to maintain the flow of the...
27. Suggest one word for each of the following statements/ definitions
(a) The physical and biological world where we live in (b) Each level of the food chain where the transfer of energy takes place (c) The physical factors like temperature, rainfall, wind and soil of...
26. Differentiate between biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances. Cite examples.
Solution - Biodegradable substancesNon-biodegradable substancesIt refers to any substance that is capable of undergoing biodegradationBy non biodegradable we mean any substance or material that...
Give reasons for the appearance of new combinations of characters in the F2 progeny.
Solution: The seeds of F1 plants are round and yellow. In the F2 generation, crossing between generations can result in new combinations of round-yellow, round green, wrinkled yellow, and...
Give the basic features of the mechanism of inheritance.
Solution: The following are the basic characteristics of the inheritance mechanism: Characters are controlled by genesGenes exist in two or more formsOne gene form may be dominant over...
In question 44, what are the combinations of character in the F2 progeny? What are their ratios?
Solution: In the F2 progeny, the characters are RrYy x RrYy So, the cross will be- RYRyrYryRYRRYY Round and yellowRRYy Round and yellowRrYY Round and yellowRrYy Round and yellowRyRRYy Round and...
Study the following cross and showing self- pollination in F1, fill in the blank and answer the question that follows
Parents RRYY x rryy
Round, yellow wrinkled green
F1 — Rr Yy x ?
Round, yellow
Solution: RrYy- Round and yellow rryy- Wrinkled and green RRYY- Round and yellow ryryryryRYRrYy Round and yellow seedsRrYy Round and yellow seedsRrYy Round and yellow seedsRrYy Round and yellow...
In the following crosses write the characteristics of the progeny
CrossProgenyRR YY x RR YY ……………………… Round, yellow x Round, yellow Rr Yy x Rr Yy ……………………… Round, yellow x Round, yellow rr yy x rr yy ……………………… wrinkled green x wrinkled, green RR YY...
Evolution has exhibited greater stability of molecular structure when compared with morphological structures. Comment on the statement and justify your opinion.
Solution: Morphological structures are structures that are visible to our eyes. Molecular structures are biomolecules that are essential parts of living organisms. We are surrounded by a lot of...
Give reasons why acquired characters are not inherited.
Solution: Our bodies' responses to external stimuli such as diet, disease, and climate change result in acquired traits. This leads to the emergence of a specific attribute characterised by...
Differentiate between inherited and acquired characters. Give one example for each type.
Solution: The differences between inherited and acquired characters are- Inherited CharactersAcquired CharactersCharacter traits are passed down from parents to their children.Characters that exist...
All the human races like Africans, Asians, Europeans, Americans and others might have evolved from a common ancestor. Provide a few evidences in support of this view.
Solution: Although all human races appear to be distinct, they all share a common ancestor. The evidence in support of this viewpoint is as follows. • Brain size is similar. • Bipedal movement • The...
Bacteria have a simpler body plan when compared with human beings. Does it mean that human beings are more evolved than bacteria? Provide a suitable explanation.
Solution: This is a controversial subject as it all depends on how we assess evolution. If the body's complexity is a criterion, humans are considerably superior to germs. Bacteria organise...
Does geographical isolation of individuals of a species lead to the formation of a new species? Provide a suitable explanation.
Solution: Genetic drift occurs when individuals of a species are isolated geographically. This restricts the segregated population's sexual reproduction. Separated individuals reproduce among...
A woman has only daughters. Analyse the situation genetically and provide a suitable explanation.
Solution: The fact that a woman has only one daughter suggests that the egg has always acquired the X chromosome from the sperm. If sperm contributes X chromosomes, the child will be female;...
Why did Mendel choose pea plant for his experiments?
Solution: Pea plants were chosen for Mendel's experiments because they are easy to grow, have a short life period, and produce larger flowers. Pea plants are also self-pollinated.
Give the pair of contrasting traits of the following characters in the pea plant and mention which is dominant and recessive
(i)yellow seed (ii) round seed
Solution: The following are the pair of contrasting traits of the following characters in pea plant – Yellow is the dominant one whereas Green is the recessive allele. Round is the dominant one...
Does the occurrence of the diversity of animals on earth suggest their diverse ancestry also? Discuss this point in the light of evolution.
Solution: Animals do not share a common ancestor, even though they have a wide range of structures. This is because shared ancestry can severely limit diversity. Since many of the creatures share...
What are homologous structures? Give an example. Is it necessary that homologous structures always have a common ancestor?
Solution: Homologous structures have the same basic structure as each other but serve different functions. Reptiles, amphibians, and mammals, for example, have forelimbs. If they don’t have common...
A very small population of a species faces a greater threat of extinction than a larger population. Provide a suitable genetic explanation.
Solution: Due to the following factors, a very small population of a species faces a greater chance of extinction than a larger population- Inbreeding: Inbreeding is encouraged by a small...
In human beings, the statistical probability of getting either a male or female child is 50: 50. Give a suitable explanation.
Solution: The gamete donated by the male determines the sex of the baby. The 23rd pair of chromosomes in males are X and Y. The proportion of X to Y is 1:1 As a result, the chances of having a...
Why do all the gametes formed in human females have an X chromosome?
Solution: In their 23 pairs of chromosomes, females have XX. Since each gamete receives one X chromosome during meiosis, all-female gametes have one X chromosome.
Mention three important features of fossils which help in the study of evolution.
Solution: The three important features of fossils that help in the study of evolution- Fossils are ancient organisms that have been preserved.Fossils aid in the identification of evolutionary...
Do genetic combination of mothers play a significant role in determining the sex of a newborn?
Solution: The chromosome supplied by the father will determine the sex of a newborn. Mothers' 23rd chromosomal pair contains XX, and they always donate one X. Fathers, on the other hand, have the X...
How is the sex of a newborn determined in humans?
Solution: The individual's sex is decided by the genes he or she got from their parents. If a baby inherits X chromosomes from the father, the child will be female; if the newborn receives Y...
Some dinosaurs had feathers although they could not fly but birds have feathers that help them to fly. In the context of evolution, this means that
a) reptiles have evolved from birds
b) there is no evolutionary connection between reptiles and birds
c) feathers are homologous structures in both the organisms
d) birds have evolved from reptiles
Solution: Dinosaurs had feathers, but they couldn't fly. The feathers were later developed for flight by birds. Dinosaurs were reptiles, which indicates that birds descended from them. So, the...
The theory of evolution of species by natural selection was given by
a)Mendel
b)Darwin
c)Morgan
d)Lamarck
Solution: The rules of heredity were suggested by Mendel, also Morgan was the first to discover a mutation in drosophila. The use-and-disuse idea was proposed by Lamarck. So, the correct answer is...
The number of pair (s) of sex chromosomes in the zygote of humans isa)oneb)twoc)threed)four
Solution: The sex of the offspring is determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes, which is why it is termed a sex chromosome. So, one pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the individual. So,...
In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plants to short plants in F2 is
a)1 : 3
b)3: 1
c)1: 1
d)2: 1
Solution: Progenies with the genotypes below would result from a cross between pure tall plant (TT) and short plant (tt). TT (Pure tall), tt (Pure short), and Tt (Pure short) ( Mixed tall). This...
Select the statements that describe characteristics of genes
(i) genes are a specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule
(ii) a gene does not code for proteins
(iii) in individuals of a given species, a specific gene is located on a particular chromosome
(iv) each chromosome has only one gene
a) (i) and (ii)
b) (i) and (iii)
c) (i) and (iv)
d) (ii) and (iv)
Solution: Since genes code for specific proteins, statement ii) is incorrect. Because chromosomes can have any number of genes, Statement 4 is incorrect. Hence, the correct answer is (b) (i) and (iii)
The two versions of a trait (character) which are brought in by the male and female gametes are situated on
a)copies of the same chromosome
b)two different chromosomes
c)sex chromosomes
d)any chromosome
Solution: This is the explanation for one progeny's expression in one version and another progeny's expression in another. So, the answer is (b) two different chromosomes.
From the list given below, select the character which can be acquired but not inherited
a)colour of eye
b)colour of skin
c)size of body
d)nature of hair
Solution: The body's nature is determined by a person's eating habits. Regular exercise aids in the development of a muscular physique. Because bodily nature is not passed along to kids, the body...
According to the evolutionary theory, the formation of a new species is generally due to
a)sudden creation by nature
b)accumulation of variations over several generations
c)clones formed during asexual reproduction
d)movement of individuals from one habitat to another
Solution: Several generations of DNA variation result in the formation of new species. Since there are no gametes involved in asexual reproduction, there will be no variety. Individual movement...
Select the group which shares the maximum number of common characters
a)two individuals of a species
b)two species of a genus
c)two genera of a family
d)two genera of two families
Solution: Since species is the lowest taxon, members of the same species have the greatest number of shared features. So, the correct answer is (a) two individuals of a species.
A trait in an organism is influenced by
a)paternal DNA only
b)maternal DNA only
c)both maternal and paternal DNA
d)neither by paternal nor by maternal DNA
Solution: Both parents contribute DNA to their offspring, and hence both parents contribute traits to their progeny. So, the correct answer is (c) both maternal and paternal DNA.
Which of the following statements is not true with respect to variation?
a)All variations in a species have an equal chance of survival
b)Change in genetic composition results in variation
c)Selection of variants by environmental factors forms the basis of evolutionary processes.
d)Variation is minimum in asexual reproduction
Solution: Since only useful variation has a chance of surviving, statement a) is incorrect. To survive, nature selects the most adaptable variant. This is Darwin’s theory of Natural selection. So,...
If the fossil of an organism is found in the deeper layers of earth, then we can predict that
a)the extinction of organism has occurred recently
b)the extinction of organism has occurred thousands of years ago
c)the fossil position in the layers of earth is not related to its time of extinction
d)time of extinction cannot be determined
Solution: Deep in the soil, older fossils can be unearthed. As a result, option b) is the correct response. So, the answer is (b) the extinction of organisms has occurred thousands of years ago.
Select the correct statement
a)Tendril of a pea plant and phylloclade of Opuntia are homologous
b)Tendril of a pea plant and phylloclade of Opuntia are analogous
c)Wings of birds and limbs of lizards are analogous
d)Wings of birds and wings of bat are homologous
Solution: Due to similar design and origin, a pea plant's tendon and an Opuntia phylloclade are homologous. So, the correct answer is (a) Tendril of a pea plant and phylloclade of Opuntia are...
A basket of vegetables contains carrot, potato, radish and tomato. Which of them represent the correct homologous structures?
a)Carrot and potato
b)Carrot and tomato
c)Radish and carrot
d)Radish and potato
Solution: They both have a similar structure and grow beneath the earth's surface ( Roots). So, the correct answer is (c) Radish and carrot.
New species may be formed if
(i)DNA undergoes significant changes in germ cells
(ii) chromosome number changes in the gamete
(iii) there is no change in the genetic material
(iv) mating does not take place
a)(i) and (ii)
b)(i) and (iii)
c)(ii), (iii) and (iv)
d)(i), (ii) and (iii)
Solution: Evolution will not occur until the genetic material changes and alters. As a result, the evolution of new species necessitates changes in genetic material and chromosome variety. So, the...
Select the incorrect statementa)Frequency of certain genes in a population change over several generations resulting in evolutionb)Reduction in weight of the organism due to starvation is genetically controlledc)Low weight parents can have heavyweight progenyd)Traits which are not inherited over generations do not cause evolution
Solution: Option b) is incorrect because weight loss and growth are influenced by external causes rather than hereditary factors. So, the correct answer is (b) Reduction in weight of the organism...
A zygote which has an X-chromosome inherited from the father will develop into aa)boyb)girlc)X- chromosome does not determine the sex of a childd)either boy or girl
Solution: The egg zygote will develop into a male offspring if sperm containing the Y chromosome fertilizes it. The egg zygote will develop into a female child if sperm with the X chromosome...
The maleness of a child is determined bya)the X chromosome in the zygoteb)the Y chromosome in zygotec)the cytoplasm of germ cell which determines the sexd)sex is determined by chance
Solution: The egg zygote will develop into a male offspring if sperm with the Y chromosome fertilizes it. The egg zygote will develop into a female child if sperm with the X chromosome fertilizes...
In human males, all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. This/these unpaired chromosome is/are
(i)large chromosome
(ii) small chromosome
(iii) Y-chromosome
(iv) X-chromosome
a)(iii)and (ii)
b)only
c)(iii)and (iv)
d)(ii) and (iv)
Solution: Due to the half size of the Y chromosome, they are sex-determining chromosomes that are not properly paired. So, the correct answer is (c) (iii) and (iv).
If a round, green seeded pea plant (RR yy) is crossed with wrinkled, yellow seeded pea plant, (rr YY) the seeds produced in the F1 generation are
i)round and yellow
ii)round and green
iii)wrinkled and green
iv)wrinkled and yellow
Solution: Since round and yellow are the prominent traits, all seeds in the first generation will be round and yellow. So, the correct answer is (a) round and yellow.
Which of the following statement is incorrect?
i)For every hormone, there is a gene.
ii)For every protein, there is a gene.
iii)For the production of every enzyme, there is a gene.
iv)For every molecule of fat, there is a gene
Solution: Option d is incorrect since every protein, enzyme, and hormone is regulated by a specific gene, whereas fats are not controlled by a gene. So, the correct answer is (d) for every molecule...
A cross between a tall plant (TT) and short pea plant (tt) resulted in progeny that were all tall plants because
i)tallness is the dominant trait
ii)shortness is the dominant trait
iii)tallness is the recessive trait
iv)height of pea plant is not governed by gene ‘T’ or ‘t’
Solution: Only dominant traits are expressed in the first progeny of a monohybrid cross. So, the correct answer is (a) tallness is the dominant trait.
Two pink coloured flowers on crossing resulted in 1 red, 2 pink and 1 white flower progeny. The nature of the cross will be
1.double fertilisation
2.self-pollination
3.cross-fertilisation
4.no fertilization
Solution: If the cross is between red and white flowers, only then will offspring be pink in colour. So, this is only possible if there is cross-fertilization. Hence, the correct answer is (c)...
Exchange of genetic material takes place in
(i)vegetative reproduction
(j)asexual reproduction
(k)sexual reproduction
(l)budding
Solution: Other methods, other than sexual reproduction, include a sort of asexual reproduction in which only one parent is involved. As a result, genetic material is exchanged during sexual...
Distinguish between pollination and fertilization. Mention the site and product of fertilization in a flower. Draw a neat, labeled diagram of a pistil showing pollen tube growth and its entry into the ovule.
Soln: Pollination Fertilization Pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of a flower. It is the result of the union of male and female gametes. Achieved by natural forces such as...
Draw the diagram of a flower and label the four whorls. Write the names of gamete producing organs in the flower.
Soln: The ovary produces female gametes. Anthers produce male gametes.
Would a Planaria cut vertically into two halves regenerate into two individuals? Complete Figure 8.2 D and E by indicating the regenerated regions.
Solution: Yes, Planaria are parasitic organisms that live in quiet ponds or bodies of water as free-living flatworms. They have the unusual ability to regenerate, which means they can develop new...
Why are budding, fragmentation and regeneration all considered as asexual types of reproduction? With neat diagrams explain the process of regeneration in Planaria.
Soln: Since only one parent is involved in budding, fragmentation, and regeneration, and no gametes are formed, these kinds of reproduction are classified as asexual. Regeneration of Planaria Fig -...
In the given Figure 8.3 label the parts and mention their functions
(a) Production of egg
(b) Site of fertilisation
(c) Site of implantation
(d) Entry of the sperms
Fig 8.3 Soln: 1. Ovary 2. Oviduct or fallopian tube 3. Uterus 4. The vaginal canal
In Figure 8.1, the parts A, B and C are sequentially
(a) cotyledon, plumule and radicle
(b) plumule, radicle and cotyledon
(c) plumule, cotyledon and radicle
(d) radicle, cotyledon and plumule
bio Soln: A seed consists of an embryo and food that has been enclosed in a protective seed coat. Cotyledons and endosperm may contain the stored food. A plumule and radicle, located on opposing...
Describe sexually transmitted diseases and mention the ways to prevent them.
Soln: Sexually transmitted illnesses are diseases that pass from one person to another through sexual contact. Bacterial infections like gonorrhoea and syphilis, as well as viral infections like...
Reproduction is essentially a phenomenon that is not for the survival of an individual but the stability of a species. Justify.
Soln: Predation and competition for food are prevalent. Species would have gone extinct if there was no reproduction. As a result, reproduction is tied to a species' population. The lineage of new...
How does fertilisation take place? Fertilisation occurs once in a month. Comment.
Soln: One egg is discharged from each of the ovaries once a month. The egg is moved from the ovaries to the fallopian tube. Only one sperm can access the egg at a time when sperm move towards the...
What are various ways to avoid pregnancy? Elaborate any one method.
Various ways to avoid pregnancy are given below
1. Physical barrier
2. Copper-T
3. Hormone Pills
4. Surgical procedure
solution: Physical devices such as the diaphragm (or cap) and condoms are employed in the barrier methods of preventing pregnancy. Human females wear a diaphragm (or cap) that covers their cervix....
What is placenta? Mention its role during pregnancy?
Soln: The placenta is a disc that is embedded in the uterine wall during pregnancy. On the embryo's side of the tissue, there are villi. The villi are surrounded by blood gaps on the mother's side....
Distinguish between a gamete and zygote. Explain their roles in sexual reproduction.
Soln: GameteZygoteFormed after MeiosisFormed by the fusion of two gametes.Gametes produce a haploid number of chromosomesproduces a diploid number of chromosomesMale and female parts produce...
Write two points of difference between asexual and sexual types of reproduction. Describe why variations are observed in the offspring formed by sexual reproduction.
Soln: Sexual reproductionAsexual reproductionTwo parents are involvedA single parent is involvedGametes are formedGametes are not formed When compared to asexual reproduction, there is more...
What would be the ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its zygote? How is the sperm genetically different from the egg?
Soln: An egg and its zygote have a chromosomal number ratio of 1:2. The father's genetic material is found in sperm, whereas the mother's genetic material is found in eggs. The X or Y chromosome can...
What are the benefits of using mechanical barriers during sexual acts?
Soln: The benefits of using mechanical barriers during sexual acts are- Mechanical barriers help to avoid unintended pregnancies andMechanical barriers help to avoid sexually transmitted...
What changes are observed in the uterus subsequent to implantation of the young embryo?
Soln: Following the implantation of the young embryo, the uterus undergoes the following changes. • The uterine lining thickens to support the growing embryo (PLACENTA). • The uterine lining...
What changes are observed in the uterus if fertilisation does not occur?
Soln: If fertilisation does not occur, the following changes occur in the uterus: • The extra lining of the uterus degenerates • Uterus lining fragments are evacuated through the vaginal canal • The...
Trace the path of sperm during ejaculation and mention the gland and their functions associated with the male reproductive system.
Soln: The sequence of organs in the male reproductive system for transport of sperms is testis → epididymis → vas deferens → prostate→ urethra. Glands associated with the male reproductive...
How are general growth and sexual maturation different from each other?
Soln: The term "general growth" refers to the expansion of one's physical size. The ability to reproduce is the goal of sexual maturation. Sexual maturity is reached at a stage of life called...
Reproduction is linked to stability of population of a species. Justify the statement.
Solution: Predation and competition for food are prevalent. Species would have gone extinct if there was no reproduction. As a result, reproduction is tied to the species' population.
Where is the zygote located in the flower after fertilization?
Soln: Since the pollen grains are transferred to the ovary where the egg is located and fertilization takes place there, the zygote will be found in the ovary after fertilization.
Is the chromosome number of the zygote, embryonal cells and adult of a particular organism always constant? How is the constancy maintained in these three stages?
Soln: Meiosis is a cell division process that involves halving the number of chromosomes. Chromosomes become equal to those of somatic cells after fertilisation. Mitosis occurs for the duration of a...
Why cannot fertilisation take place in flowers if pollination does not occur?
Soln: Pollination is the process of pollen grains being transferred from anthers to the stigma. There will be no fusing of gametes if pollination does not occur, and fertilisation will not occur.
In the tobacco plant, the male gametes have twenty-four chromosomes. What is the number of chromosomes in the female gamete? What is the number of chromosomes in the zygote?
Soln: Since the number of chromosomes in both gametes is the same, the number of chromosomes in a female tobacco plant gamete is 24. So, in a zygote, the total number of chromosomes is 48.
From the internet, gather information about the chromosome numbers of five animals and five plants. Correlate the number with the size of the organism and answer the following questions.
(a) Do larger organisms have more number of chromosomes/cells?
(b) Can organism with fewer chromosomes reproduce more easily than organisms with more number of chromosomes?
(c) More the number of chromosomes/cells greater is the DNA content. Justify.
Soln: AnimalsChromosome numbersPlantsChromosome numbersMan46Corn20Cat38Cotton52Horse64Garden pea14Rabbit44Mango40Elephant56Onion16 1. The number of chromosomes has nothing to do with the size of the...
Give two reasons for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction.
Soln: The two reasons for the appearance of variation among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction- Crossing over occurs during meiosis, andTwo individuals of the same species contribute...
Why does bread mould grow profusely on a moist slice of bread rather than on a dry slice of bread?
Soln: Moisture is required for bread mould spores to develop and grow. As a result, mould thrives on a moist slice of bread.
Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water but multiply in sugar solution. Give one reason for this.
Soln: Yeast requires energy to grow and divide its cells. Water lacks the necessary energy, whereas sugar does, therefore yeast thrives in a sugar solution.
Explain how, offspring and parents of organisms reproducing sexually have the same number of chromosomes?
Soln: Since chromosomes are halved during gamete development, the number of chromosomes in an organism's somatic cells remains the same. A diploid number of chromosomes refers to the halves of...
What is a clone? Why do offsprings formed by asexual reproduction exhibit remarkable similarity?
Soln: Clone is an asexually created collection of cells or organisms. Since there is no exchange of gametes during asexual reproduction, the offspring look similar to their parents.
Can you consider cell division as a type of reproduction in unicellular organism? Give one reason.
Soln: Reproduction is the process of creating a new individual. Cell division results in the production of new individuals in unicellular organisms. In unicellular creatures, cell division is thus a...
In a bisexual flower in spite of the young stamens being removed artificially, the flower produces fruit. Provide a suitable explanation for the above situation.
Soln: The removal of the stamen, or male reproductive part of the flower, does not affect the plant's ability to produce flowers because the pistil, or female reproductive part, remains intact. As a...
Which among the following diseases is not sexually transmitted?
(a) Syphillis
(b) Hepatitis
(c) HIV – AIDS
(d) Gonorrhoea
Soln: Sexually transmitted bacterial infections such as syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum and Gonorrhoea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, which is a sexually...
The correct sequence of organs in the male reproductive system for transport of sperms is
(a) testis → vas deferens → urethra
(b) testis → ureter → urethra
(c) testis → urethra → ureter
(d) testis → vas deferens → ureter
Soln: The tube that joins the testes to the urethra is known as the Vas deferens. The vas deferens is a coiled conduit that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra and ejaculatory duct....
Which among the following is not the function of testes at puberty?
(i) formation of germ cells
(ii) secretion of testosterone
(iii) development of placenta
(iv) secretion of estrogen
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Soln: Gonads have two functions: hormone production and gamete production. Testes produce sperm and testosterone in males. The testis is a male reproductive organ but estrogen is produced in...
In human males, the testes lie in the scrotum, because it helps in the
(a) process of mating
(b) formation of sperm
(c) easy transfer of gametes
(d) all the above
Soln: The temperature of the testes must be lower than the body temperature when they are laying in the scrotum. This is because the process of sperm formation requires an optimum temperature that...
In human females, an event that reflects the onset of the reproductive phase is
(a) growth of body
(b) changes in hair pattern
(c) change in voice
(d) menstruation
Soln: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood. During adolescence following changes occur in girls- • Hair growth in new areas of the body, such as armpits, between the...
During adolescence, several changes occur in the human body. Mark one change associated with sexual maturation in boys
(a) loss of milk teeth
(b) increase in height
(c) cracking of voice
(d) weight gain
Soln: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Boys go through the following changes: • Hair growth in new areas of the body, such as armpits, chest, and between thighs...
Reproduction is essential for living organisms in order to
(a) keep the individual organism alive
(b) fulfil their energy requirement
(c) maintain growth
(d) continue the species generation after generation
Soln: Other life activities are required to keep the organism alive, while reproduction is required to maintain the species' lineage. Therefore, the correct answer is (d) to continue the species...
Offspring formed as a result of sexual reproduction exhibit more variations because
(a) sexual reproduction is a lengthy process
(b) genetic material comes from two parents of the same species
(c) genetic material comes from two parents of different species
(d) genetic material comes from many parents
Soln: A zygote is formed when a male gamete fertilised the female gamete in case of sexual reproduction, to make new progeny. Offspring have more variants as a result of the...
Which of the following statements are true for sexual reproduction in flowering plants?
(i) It requires two types of gametes
(ii) Fertilisation is a compulsory event
(iii) It always results in the formation of zygote
(iv) Offspring formed are clones
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
Soln: Sexual reproduction is a process that involves two parents and produces two types of gametes, male and female. During fertilisation, the gametes combine to produce the zygote. This is a...
Which of the following statements are true for unisexual flowers?
(i) They possess both stamen and pistil
(ii) They possess either stamen or pistil
(iii) They exhibit cross-pollination
(iv) Unisexual flowers possessing only stamens cannot produce fruits
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
Soln: Unisexual flowers bear only male or female flowers, never both at the same time. As there is just one sex, cross-fertilization occurs, in which gametes are produced by two separate plants....
Which of the following statements are true for flowers?
(i) Flowers are always bisexual
(ii) They are the sexual reproductive organs
(iii) They are produced in all groups of plants
(iv) After fertilisation, they give rise to fruits
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
Soln: Answer is (d) (ii) and (iv) Flowering plants, often known as Angiosperms, bear flowers as a feature. They are not produced by other plants such as Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and...
Length of pollen tube depends on the distance between
(a) pollen grain and the upper surface of the stigma
(b) pollen grain on the upper surface of stigma and ovule
(c) pollen grain in anther and upper surface of stigma
(d) upper surface of stigma and lower part of style
Soln: The pollen grain is placed on the flower's stigma. If the pollen grain and the stigma are compatible, the pollen grain germinates on the stigma, taking advantage of the moisture and nutrients...
Factors responsible for the rapid spread of bread mould on slices of bread are
(i) a large number of spores
(ii) availability of moisture and nutrients in bread
(iii) presence of tubular branched hyphae
(iv) formation of round shaped sporangia
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Soln: A large number of spores ensures that even in difficult conditions, a few spores survive. The bread's moisture and nutrients give the perfect habitat for the spore to develop into mould. So,...
Vegetative propagation refers to the formation of new plants from
(a) stem, roots and flowers
(b) stem, roots and leaves
(c) stem, flowers and fruits
(d) stem, leaves and flowers
Soln: Plants use vegetative propagation, which is a sort of asexual reproduction. Plants' vegetative components, such as roots, stems, leaves, and buds, are used in vegetative reproduction to make...
In Rhizopus, tubular thread-like structures bearing sporangia at their tips are called
(a) filaments
(b) hyphae
(c) rhizoids
(d) roots
Soln: Hyphae are tiny blob-on-a-stick-like structures involved in reproduction. The blobs are called sporangia, and they contain cells, or spores, that can develop into more Rhizopus individuals in...
The number of chromosomes in parents and offsprings of a particular species remains constant due to
(a) doubling of chromosomes after zygote formation
(b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation
(c) doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation
(d) halving of chromosomes after gamete formation
Soln: During the formation of gametes, the number of chromosomes in the parents is halved and when these gametes fuse with the other gamete during fertilization, they restore the normal number of...
The correct sequence of reproductive stages seen in flowering plants is
(a) gametes, zygote, embryo, seedling
(b) zygote, gametes, embryo, seedling
(c) seedling, embryo, zygote, gametes
(d) gametes, embryo, zygote, seedling
Soln: In sexually reproducing flowers the male (pollen grains) need to meet the female gamete (ovule). So, for the fusion of the male and female gamete, the pollen grains must reach the stigma, and...
The ability of a cell to divide into several cells during reproduction in Plasmodium is called
(a) budding
(b) reduction division
(c) binary fission
(d) multiple fission
Soln: Plasmodium divides into multiple daughter cells during cell division and this process is known as multiple fission. The process of plasmodium reproduction is known as binary multiple fission....
In Spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by
(a) breaking up of filaments into smaller bits
(b) division of a cell into two cells
(c) division of a cell into many cells
(d) formation of young cells from older cells.
Soln: Spirogyra reproduces by the process of fragmentation which is a type of asexual reproduction. It breaks up the filaments into smaller pieces upon maturation and these pieces are known as...
A feature of reproduction that is common to Amoeba, Spirogyra and Yeast is that
(a) they reproduce asexually
(b) they are all unicellular
(c) they reproduce only sexually
(d) they are all multicellular
Soln: Amoeba reproduces by binary fission, whereas Spirogyra reproduces by fragmentation, and yeast reproduces by budding. So, all these are different types of asexual reproduction. Therefore, the...