Answer – We know that for ground level, n1 = 1 Suppose E1 is the energy of the level n1. So as we know E1 is related with n1 as – \[{{E}_{1}}=\frac{13.6}{{{n}_{1}}^{2}}eV=-13.6eV\]...
de Broglie wavelength of an electron having a momentum $p$, is given by the relation: $\lambda=\frac{h}{p}$ $=\frac{6.6 \times 10^{-34}}{5.91 \times 10^{-24}}=1.116 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{~m}=0.112...
Ans: We know that the ground state energy of hydrogen atom is given by – E = − 13.6 eV The total energy of hydrogen atom is equal to -13.6 eV. It is understood that the kinetic energy is equal to...
Answer – We know that the separation of two energy levels in an atom is given by the relation – \[E=2.3eV=2.3\times 1.6\times {{10}^{-19}}\] \[E=3.68\times {{10}^{-19}}J\] Let v be the frequency of...
Kinetic energy of the electron is given as $\mathbf{E}_{\mathrm{K}}=\mathbf{1 2 0} \mathrm{eV}$ Planck's constant, $\mathbf{h}=\mathbf{6 . 6} \times \mathbf{1 0}^{-34} \mathrm{~J} \mathrm{~s}$ Mass...
Answer – Using the Rydberg’s formula, given the relation – \[\frac{hc}{\lambda }=21.76\times {{10}^{-19}}[\frac{1}{{{n}_{1}}^{2}}-\frac{1}{{{n}_{2}}^{2}}]\] Where h is the Planck’s constant, given =...
Answer – It is quite known that the mass of the incident alpha particle (6.64 × 10-27kg) is much more than the mass of hydrogen (1.67 × 10-27Kg). Hence, the alpha particle would fail to rebound...
(d) An atom shows continuous mass distribution in a ……….but a very high non-uniform mass distribution in ……….(Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.) (e) In ………. the positively charged part of the...
(a) In Rutherford’s model the atomic size is ……….. the size of the atom in Thomson’s model. (much greater than/no different from/much less than.) (b) ) In ………. the ground state electrons...
.Potential difference is given in the question as $\mathbf{V}=\mathbf{5 6 V}$ Planck's constant, $\mathbf{h}=6.6 \times 10^{-34} \mathrm{~J} \mathrm{~s}$ Mass of an electron, $\mathbf{m}=\mathbf{9 ....
is produced by an argon laser which is used in the photoelectric effect. When light from this spectral line is incident on the emitter, the stopping (cut-off) potential of photoelectrons is 
. Find the work function of the material from which the emitter is made.Wavelength of light produced by the argon laser is given as $\lambda=488 \mathrm{~nm}=488 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{~m}$ Stopping potential of the photoelectrons is given as...
![\[{{[\mathbf{Ni}{{(\mathbf{N}{{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{2}}})}_{\mathbf{6}}}]}^{\mathbf{4}}},\text{ }{{[\mathbf{Ni}{{(\mathbf{N}{{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{3}}})}_{\mathbf{6}}}]}^{\mathbf{2}+}},\text{ }{{[\mathbf{Ni}{{({{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}}\mathbf{O})}_{\mathbf{6}}}]}^{\mathbf{2}+}}?\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c719fbf2dc2de970f85896e939d068d0_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
Because all of the complexes have the same metal ion, the energy absorption is determined by the ligands' CFSE values. The ligands' CFSE values are in the order of H2O < NH3 < NO2- according...
is incident in a metal surface. Electrons with a maximum speed of 
are ejected from the surface. What is the threshold frequency for photoemission of electrons?Frequency of the incident photon is provided as $v=488 \mathrm{~nm}=488 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{~m}$ Maximum speed of the electrons is $\mathbf{v}=\mathbf{6 . 0} \times \mathbf{1 0}^{5} \mathrm{~m} /...
![\[\left( i \right)\text{ }{{[Fe{{({{H}_{2}}O)}_{6}}]}^{3+}}\left( ii \right)\text{ }{{[Fe{{(N{{H}_{3}})}_{6}}]}^{3+}}~\left( iii \right)\text{ }{{[Fe{{({{C}_{2}}{{O}_{4}})}_{3}}]}^{3}}~~~\left( iv \right)\text{ }{{[FeC{{l}_{6}}]}^{3}}\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c9055c71fe68a5c25b0ec883d67368e1_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
Fe has an oxidation state of +3 in all circumstances. The chelating ligand (C2O4)3 is a bidentate chelating ligand that produces chelating rings. As a result, the most stable complex is ( iii ).
Will this metal give photoelectric emission for incident radiation of wavelength 330 nm?Work function of the metal is given as $\Phi_{o}=4.2 \mathrm{eV}$ Charge on an electron is $\mathbf{e}=\mathbf{1 . 6} \times \mathbf{1 0}^{-19} \mathbf{C}$ Planck's constant, $\mathbf{h}=\mathbf{6 ....
. If the light of frequency 
is incident on the metal, predict the cut-off voltage for the photoelectric emission.Threshold frequency of the metal given to us is $\mathbf{v}_{\mathbf{0}}=\mathbf{3 . 3} \times \mathbf{1 0}^{\mathbf{1 4}} \mathrm{Hz}$. Frequency of light incident on the metal is given as...
![\[\left( i \right)\text{ }{{[Cr{{({{H}_{2}}O)}_{6}}]}^{3+}}\left( ii \right)\text{ }{{[Fe{{({{H}_{2}}O)}_{6}}]}^{2+}}\left( iii \right)\text{ }{{[Zn{{({{H}_{2}}O)}_{6}}]}^{2+}}\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-a172782a885937508308ebe32dd3d3ec_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
(iii) The answer is 3. The given complex [ Co( NH3)6 ]Cl2 ionizes to give three ions, viz one [ Co( NH3)6] + and two Cl – ions.
Magnetic moment is calculated by the formula: ν=[n(n+2)]1/2 For value n = 1, ν=[1(1+2)]1/2= (3)1/2 = 1.732 For value n = 2, ν=[2(2+2)]1/2= (8)1/2 = 2.83 For value n = 3, ν=[3(3+2)]1/2 =...
sodium lamp radiates energy uniformly in all directions. The lamp is located at the centre of a large sphere that absorbs all the sodium light which is incident on it. The wavelength
(a) What is the energy per photon associated with the sodium light? (b) At what rate are the photons delivered to the sphere?Power of the sodium lamp is given as $\mathbf{P}=\mathbf{1 0 0 W}$ Wavelength of the emitted sodium light is given as $\lambda=589 \mathrm{~nm}$ $=589 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{~m}$ Planck's constant,...
(i) Role in analytical chemistry:Determination of hardness of the water. (ii) Complexes are generated during the extraction of metals from ores, and they play a role in metallurgy and...
Calculate the value of Planck’s constant.The slope of cut-off voltage (V) versus frequency (v) is given as, $\frac{V}{v}=4.12 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{Vs}$ $\mathrm{V}$ and frequency is related by the equation: $\mathrm{Hv}=\mathrm{eV}$...
(i) Role in biological systems: There are various essential coordination compounds in the bodies of animals, such as hemoglobin, which is an iron coordination compound. In plants, chlorophyll...
In many ways, the properties of elements of heavier transition elements differ from those of the first transition series. (a) The elements of the first transition series form low-spin or high-spin...
. How many photons are incident on the Earth per second/square meter? Assume an average wavelength of 
Energy flux of sunlight reaching the surface of the earth: $\phi=1.388 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}$ Hence, power of sunlight per square metre, $\mathbf{P}=\mathbf{1 . 3 8 8} \times...
The metal-ligand bond becomes more stable when a polydentate or bidentate ligand attaches to a metal ion in such a way that it takes on the structure of a ring. Chelate rings are the name for these...
![\[{{[\mathbf{Ti}{{({{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}}\mathbf{O})}_{\mathbf{6}}}]}^{\mathbf{3}+}}~\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-a69eb6951f610e97c75cb1f3a64bd20f_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
The degree/level of association among the species involved in a state of equilibrium determines the stability of a coordination molecule in a solution. The formation constant or stability constant...
In each of the three transition series, generally the first ionisation enthalpy increases from left to right. However, there are some exceptions. The first ionisation enthalpies of the third...
![\[\left( i \right)\text{ }[CrC{{l}_{3}}{{\left( py \right)}_{3}}]\left( ii \right)\text{ }Cs[FeC{{l}_{4}}]\left( iii \right)\text{ }{{K}_{4}}[Mn{{\left( CN \right)}_{6}}]\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-94b27372566420147b9890b0383935a6_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
(i) In the 1st, 2nd and 3rd transition series, the 3d, 4d, and 5d orbitals are filled with electrons respectively. We know that elements in the same group generally have similar electronic...
n = 0.Thus, Magnetic moment = 0
The metal-carbon bond in metal carbonyls has both the and bond characteristics. The carbonyl carbon donates a lone pair of electrons to the metal's vacant orbital, forming a connection. The filled d...
![\[{{[\mathbf{Fe}{{\left( \mathbf{CN} \right)}_{\mathbf{6}}}]}^{\mathbf{4}}}~\mathbf{and}\text{ }{{[\mathbf{Fe}{{({{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}}\mathbf{O})}_{\mathbf{6}}}]}^{\mathbf{2}+}}~\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-3b1c1b754a174142f48bf8ad312b8baa_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
[Fe( H2O)6 ]2+ and [ Fe( CN)6 ]2+ have H2O and CN- ligands respectively. CN- has a higher CFSE (crystal field splitting energy) than water because it is a strong field ligand. As a result,...
[ Ni (H2O)6 ] is made up of the Ni+2 ion, which has a 3d8 electrical structure. Because H2O is a weak ligand, there are two unpaired electrons in this arrangement that cannot pair up. The d – d...
![\[{{[\mathbf{Cr}{{(\mathbf{N}{{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{3}}})}_{\mathbf{6}}}]}^{\mathbf{3}+}}\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-39b74154417ca7572b9b77e89bc26feb_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
In [ Ni ( CN)4 ] 2−, Ni has an oxidation state of +2. Thus, it has d 8configuration.Ni 2+ : Because CN- is a strong field ligand, electrons in 3d orbitals couple. Ni 2+ undergoes dsp2 hybridization...
In the parenthesis are the atomic numbers of the elements are given. Tb after forming Tb4+ attains a stable electronic configuration of [Xe] 4f7. Yb after forming Yb2+ attains a stable...
The difference in energy between the two levels ( t2g and eg ) that have split from a degenerated d orbital due to the presence of a ligand is known as crystal-field splitting energy. It is...
Ce:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p64f15d16s2 Ce3+:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p64f1 Magnetic moment can be calculated by the formula: μ = [n(n+2)]1/2 Where, n = number of unpaired...
In the actinoid series, the last element is lawrencium, Lr. The atomic number of the element is 103 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2 . The most common oxidation...
The Spectrochemical series is a set of common ligands arranged in ascending order of their crystal-field splitting energy (CFSE). CFSE readings are higher in strong field ligands. Weak field...
Lanthanoids project 3 different oxidation states which are +2, +3, +4. Among these, the +3 oxidation state is the most common. Lanthanoids exhibit a limited number of oxidation states because of the...
Inner transition metals are the elements in which the last electron is entering in the f-orbital. The elements in which the 4f and the 5f orbitals are progressively filled are called f-block...
An alloy is defined as a solid solution of two or more elements present in a combined form in a metallic matrix. It can either be a partial solid solution or a complete solid solution. Alloys...
(i) Potassium permanganate ( KMnO4 ) can be prepared from pyrolusite (MnO2). The ore is fused with KOH in the presence of either atmospheric oxygen or an oxidising agent, such as KNO3 or...
(i) Potassium dichromate ( K2Cr2O7 ) is prepared from chromite ore (FeCr2O4) in the following steps. Step (1): Preparation of sodium chromate \[4FeC{r_2}{O_4} + 16NaOH + 7{O_2} \to...
(i) Oxygen is a strong oxidising agent due to its high electronegativity and small size. So, oxo-anions of a metal have the highest oxidation state. For example, in , the oxidation state of Mn is +7.
Answer – According to the question – Focal length of the given convex lens is f1 = 30 cm Since, the liquid acts as a mirror. Focal length of the liquid is denoted by f2 Total focal length...
Answer – According to the question – Angle of deflection is θ = 3.5° The distance of the screen from the mirror is D = 1.5 m The deflection undergone by the reflected rays are twice the angle...
Answer - Below is the diagram of a Cassegrain telescope. It has a concave and a convex mirror. We are given – Distance between the secondary mirror and the objective mirror is d = 20 mm Radius of...
(a)For a telescope, what is the separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece? (b) If this telescope is used to view a 100 m tall tower 3 km away, what is the height of the image of the...
(a) the telescope is in normal adjustment (i.e., when the final image is at infinity)? (b) the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (25 cm)? Answer – According to the...
Answer – According to the question – Focal length of the objective lens is fo= 1.25 cm The focal length of the eyepiece is fe = 5 cm Least distance of distinct vision is d = 25 cm Angular...
(a) An object subtends an angle at the eye which is equal to the angle subtended at the eye by the virtual image that is produced by a magnifying glass. Does the magnifying glass provide angular...
Answer – According to the question – Area of the virtual image of each square is A = 6.25 mm2 Area of each square is A0 = 1 mm2 Hence, the linear magnification of the object can be determined...
(b)Determine the magnification in the following situation. (c) Find if the magnifying power is equal to magnification. Answer – We have – (a) We get the maximum possible magnification when the image...
(a) the magnification produced by the lens? How much is the area of each square in the virtual image? (b) the angular magnification (magnifying power) of the lens? (c) Is the magnification in (a)...
(a) What would be the shortest and the longest distance at which the lens should be placed from the page so that the book can be read easily when viewing through the magnifying glass? (b) What is...
Answer – The person in the circumstance is having trouble seeing the horizontal lines, but the vertical lines are clearly apparent. When the eye's refracting system does not work in the same way for...
Answer – We have that, A myopic person uses a spectacle of power for distant vision, P = -1.0 D Focal length of the given spectacles is then determined by – f = $\frac{1}{P}$ =...
Answer – Eye-lenses are utilised when a person suffers from myopia or hypermetropia. Myopia is a condition in which the eyeballs gradually lengthen from front to rear. When the eyeballs start to...
Answer: We have –Least distance of distinct vision is d = 25 cmFar point of a normal eye is d’ = ∞Converging power of the cornea is $P_{c}=40D$Least converging power of the given eye-lens is...
Answer - (i) The two prisms must be in close proximity to one another. The bases of these two prisms must be on opposite sides of the white light that is incident. White light is dispersed for the...
so that it just suffers total internal reflection at the other face? The refractive index of the material of the prism is 1.524.Answer –The incident, refracted and emergent rays associated with a glass prism ABC are shown in the given figure. Angle of prism, therefore is A = $60°$Refractive index of the prism is $\mu$=...
(i) Determine the ‘effective focal length’ of the combination of the two lenses inExercise 9.10, if they are placed 8.0 cm apart with their principal axes coincident. Doesthe answer depend on which...
Answer: We are given that –Distance between the object and the image (screen) is D = 90 cmDistance between two locations of the given convex lens is d = 20 cmFocal length of the lens is fFocal...
Answer: We are given that –Distance between the object and the image is d = 3 m Maximum focal length of the convex lens is = $f_{max}$The maximum focal length, for real images is given as:...
(i) You have learnt that plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects.Can they produce real images under some circumstances? Explain.(ii) A virtual image, we always say, cannot be...
![\[\left( i \right)\text{ }{{[Co{{({{C}_{2}}{{O}_{4}})}_{3}}]}^{3}}\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-efe43055f50042489c9d11ee26754efd_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
![\[\left( ii \right)\text{ }{{[Co{{F}_{6}}]}^{3-}}\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-a46576bdb43c6d6939fb964ada245115_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
(i) Here, the oxidation state of cobalt is +3.Orbitals of Co 3+ ion : Oxalate is a field ligand with a low affinity. As a result, the electrons in the 3d orbital will not pair.Because there are six...
Answer – (i) Refractive index of the glass fibre is = $\mu_{2}$= 1.68 Refractive index of the outer covering of thr pipe is = $\mu_{1}$= 1.44Angle of incidence is iAngle of refraction is rAngle...
![\[\left( i \right)\text{ }{{[Fe{{\left( CN \right)}_{6}}]}^{4}}\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c4239d4c20c9394384021fc803fa63f1_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
![\[\left( ii \right)\text{ }{{[Fe{{F}_{6}}]}^{3}}\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-2cec302fc55db082efb330ec046bbe8e_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
(i) Here, the oxidation state of Fe is +3.Fe 2+ : Electronic configuration is 3d6Orbitals of Fe2+ ion : CN− is a strong field ligand, so it causes the unpaired 3d electrons to pair up: There are six...
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As a result of the foregoing procedure, the coordination entity obtained is K2[Cu(CN)4 ].The above coordination entity does not ionize to produce Cu2+ ions since it is extremely stable. When...
The presence of [Cu( H2O)4]2+ ions in an aqueous CuSO4 solution gives it a blue colour. (i) As a result, when KF is introduced, H2O ligands are replaced by F- ligands, resulting in green [ CuF4 ]2+...
None of the isomers exhibit optical isomerism.
![\[{{[Co{{(N{{H}_{3}})}_{2}}C{{l}_{2}}\left( en \right)]}^{+}}\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-3d4533747f86351d7cf03af6d4d2667f_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
![\[{{[CoC{{l}_{2}}{{\left( en \right)}_{2}}]}^{+}}\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-a90cf5dd5a070919003d67e7a6ddfc4f_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
![\[{{[Co(N{{H}_{3}})Cl{{\left( en \right)}_{2}}]}^{2+}}\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-4265017b2224d863ef19cf033ef31c23_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
(i) (ii)
![\[{{[Cr{{(N{{H}_{3}})}_{2}}C{{l}_{2}}\left( en \right)]}^{+}}\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-826b87fdd17fb106f6e60bd3b147a0cf_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
According to the question,The actual depth of the pin is d = 15 cmApparent depth of the pin is = d’Refractive index of glass is $\mu$=1.5 here, the ratio of actual depth to the apparent depth and...
(i) an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real imagebeyond 2f.(ii) a convex mirror always produces a virtual image independent of the locationof the object.(iii) the...
(i) [Cr(C2O4)3]3– (ii) [PtCl2(en)2]2+ Solution: (i) (ii)
( i ) In [ Cr(C2O4)3] 3− no geometric isomers are present because it is a bidentate ligand. ( ii ) In [ Co( NH3)3 Cl3 ]two isomers are possible.
(ii)If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the imageof the moon formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is $3.48 \times 10^{6} m$,and the radius of lunar...
Answer - According to the question –Focal length of the objective lens is $f_{o}$= 144 cmFocal length of the eyepiece is $f_{e}$= 6.0 cmThe magnifying power of the telescope is given by the...
Answer: According to the question, Focal length of the given objective lens is $ f_{o}$= 8 mm = 0.8 cm Focal length of the eyepiece is $ f_{e}$= 2.5 cm Object distance for the given objective lens...
Answer: According to the question, we have – Focal length of the given objective lens is f1=2.0 cm Focal length of the given eyepiece is f2=6.25 cm Distance between the eyepiece and the objective...
Answer: According to the question – Focal length of the convex lens is f1=30cm Focal length of the concave lens is f2= -20cm Focal length of the system of lenses is denoted by f The equivalent...
Answer: According to the question, Size of the object is $h_{1} = 3 cm$ Object distance is u = -14 cm Focal length of the given concave lens is f = -21 cm Image distance is denoted by v...
Answer : According to the question, the object given is virtual and the image formed is real. Object distance is u= +12 cm (i) The focal length of the convex lens is f =20 cm Image distance is...
Answer: We are given that, Refractive Index of glass is $\mu=1.55$ Focal length of the given double-convex lens is f= 20 cm Radius of curvature of one face of the given lens is =R1 Radius of...
Answer: We are given that – Angle of minimum deviation is $\delta_{m}=40°$ Angle of the prism is A = $60°$ Refractive Index of water is given by, $\mu=1.33$ Material’s refractive Index =...
Answer : We are given the following information – Bulb’s actual depth in water is d1=80 cm =0.8 m Refractive Index of water is $\mu$= 1.33 I is the Angle of incidence r is the Angle of refraction –...
The various types of isomerism that can be observed in coordination compounds are 🙁 i ) Geometrical isomerism : ( ii ) Optical isomerism : (iii) Coordination isomerism :This kind of isomerism...
( i ) Hexaamminenickel(II) chloride ( ii ) Tris(ethane-1, 2-diammine) cobalt(III) ion ( iii ) Tetracarbonylnickel(0)
(i ) Hexaquamanganese(II) ion ( ii) Tetrachloridonickelate(II) ion
(i ) Hexaquatitanium(III) ion ( ii ) Tetraamminichloridonitrito-N-Cobalt(III) chloride
For the glass-air interface, we are given that – Angle of incidence is i =60° Angle of refraction is r=35° Using Snell’s law, the refractive index of the glass with respect to air becomes –...
( i ) Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride ( ii ) Diamminechlorido(methylamine) platinum(II) chloride
( i ) [ Cu (Br)4] 2− ( ii ) [Co ( ONO )( NH3)5] 2+
(i ) K3 [ Cr ( C2O4)3] ( ii ) [ Pt (NH3)6] 4+
(i ) [ Co (NO2) ( NH3)5] 2+ ( ii) [ Co( NH3)6]2 (SO4)3
( i ) [ Pt ( NH3)2Cl2] ( ii) K2[ Ni(CN )4]
( i ) [Zn(OH)4]2 – ( ii ) K2[ Pd Cl4]
Solution: (i) (ii) (iii)
Answer: We are given that Actual depth of the needle in water here is h1=12.5cm Apparent depth in water is h2 =9.4 cm Refractive Index of water is given by – $\mu$ The value of $\mu$ can be...
Answer : We are given, Size of the needle is h1=4.5 cm Distance of object is u=-12 cm Focal length of the convex mirror is f= 15 cm Image distance is represented by v $\frac{1}{u}$+ $\frac{1}{v}$=...
(a) Unidentate ligands: these are ligands with one donor site. Example Cl–, NH3 (b) Bidentate – these are ligands with two donor sites.Example – Ethane-1,2-diamine, Oxalate ion ( C2O42- ) (c)...
◆A sequence of DNA that reads the same whether read from 5’ -> 3’ or from 3’ -> 5’direction is a palindromic sequence. ◆These are the sites for action of restriction enzymes. Almost all...
(a) Ligands are neutral chemicals or negative ions that are bonded to a metal atom in a coordination entity. Cl-, –OH as an exampleThey are electrically charged radicals or species. ( b )...
(a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA (b) RNA and DNA (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease A) Plasmid DNA ◆Plasmid DNA Chromosomal DNA It is an extra chromosomal DNA molecule found...
Answer – We are given that, Height of the candle is h =2.5 cm Let the image size be h’ Object distance is u = -27 cm Radius of the concave mirror, is R = -36 cm Focal length of the concave mirror...
(a) PCR (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA (c) Chitinase Solution: 1.PCR ◆PCR or polymerase chain reaction is a technique to amplify a gene or a DNA fragment in...
When FeSO4is combined with (NH4)2SO4 in a 1: 1 molar ratio, a double salt is formed. FeSO4 (NH4)2SO4 .6H2O. This salt is in charge of supplying Fe 2+ . CuSO 4 in a 1:4 ratio with aqueous ammonia...
( a ) There are two types of valencies in metals: primary and secondary valencies. Primary valencies are satisfied by negative ions, and secondary valencies are filled by both neutral and negative...
DNA CONSTRUCT ●A collective DNA construct is introduced into the cell where the reporter gene is used as a selectable marker to discover the successful uptake of foreign genes. ● Example...
◆Meiosis is a process involving a reduction in the quantity of genetic material . ◆ type of cell division- It occurs in two phases are - 1.meiosis I 2.meiosis II ◆ pachytene event...
(i) In the case of a lower oxide of a transition metal, the metal atom has a low oxidation state. This means that some of the valence electrons of the metal atom are not involved in bonding. As a...
Cr3+ is the most stable in aqueous solutions owing to a t2g3 configuration.
In the first transition metal series, Cu exhibits +1 oxidation state very frequently because Cu has an electronic configuration of [Ar] 3d 10, that is, the completely filled d-orbital makes it...
It is found that sometimes a relatively less stable oxidation state undergoes an oxidation−reduction reaction in which it is simultaneously oxidised and reduced. This is called disproportionation....
on platinum surface is zero order reaction. What are the rates of production of 
and 
if 
(i) The ions in d1 configuration tend to lose one more electron to get into stable d0 configuration. Also, the hydration or lattice energy is more than sufficient to remove the only electron present...
(i) Cr2+ is strongly reducing in nature. It has a d4 configuration. While acting as a reducing agent, it gets oxidized to Cr3+ (electronic configuration, d3). This...
![\[\text { For the reaction: } 2 A+B \rightarrow A_{2} B \text { is } k[A][B]^{2} \text { with } k=2.0 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~mol}^{-2} L^{2} \mathrm{~s}^{-1} \text {. }\]](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-e9fea1165ffad66e28f91d69315a1de4_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
![[\mathrm{A}]=0.1 \mathrm{~mol} \mathrm{~L}^{-1},[\mathrm{~B}]=0.2 \mathrm{~mol} \mathrm{~L}^{-1}](https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-d19cf8e34beaaae48c1bfcd427f9aa96_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
. Calculate the rate of reaction after [A] is reduced to 
(i) (ii) Solution: (i) (ii)
◆Stirred tank bioreactors are developed for a large-scale production of biotechnology products but the shake flask method is used for a small-scale production of biotechnological products carried...
● Eukaryotic cells do not have restriction endonucleases as the DNA of eukaryotes cells is highly methylated by methylase – a modification enzyme. ● Methylation safeguards the DNA from the...
◆ Molar concentration of human being DNA in a human is : ◆6.023 x 1023 x Total number of chromosomes ◆6.023 x 1023 x 46 ◆2.77 x 1023 moles ◆ 2.77 x 1023 moles is the molar concentration of DNA...
●Compared to DNA molecules, enzymes are smaller in size. ● DNA comprises genetic material, which is essential for the normal development and functioning of living cells. ●A DNA molecule...
Solution:
Solution: (i) (ii)
●Steps in the formation of recombinant DNA by action of restriction endonuclease enzyme written as – EcoRI ●It can be diagrammatically represent as -
(i) Ethane is generated when methyl bromide is reacted with sodium in the presence of dry ether. The Wurtz reaction is the name for this response. (ii)
(i) Under normal circumstances, chlorobenzene does not hydrolyze. When heated in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at a temperature of 623 K and a pressure of 300 atm, it hydrolyzes to produce...
●Recombinant proteins used in medical practice which are obtained from the recombinant DNA technique . ●In this technology a particular gene is transferred from one organism to...
(i) The production of but-1-ene occurs when n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH. A dehydrohalogenation process is what this is. (ii) Phenylmagnesium bromide is generated when bromobenzene...
The formula C4H9Br is used to make two main alkyl halides. They're n-butyl bromide and isobutyl bromide, respectively. Compound (a) is therefore either nbutyl bromide or isobutyl bromide. Compound...
KOH almost entirely ionizes in an aqueous solution, yielding OH ions. Because the OH ion is a powerful nucleophile, it causes the alkyl chloride to undergo a substitution reaction, resulting in the...
The symmetrical nature of p-Dichlorobenzene is superior to that of the o- and m-isomers. As a result, it matches the crystal lattice better than the o- and m-isomers. As a result, breaking the...
The production of carbocation occurs during aqueous KOH hydrolysis. If the carbocation is stable, aqueous KOH can easily hydrolyze the compound. Now, C6H5 CH2Cl creates 1o– carbohydrate, whereas...
(i) The nucleophile approaches the carbon atom to which the leaving group is linked in an SN2 reaction. The reactivity for SN2 displacement reduces when the nucleophile is sterically inhibited. The...
Solution: The given reaction is CN- functions as a nucleophile, attacking the carbon atom that the Br is bonded to. The CN– ion is a nucleophile that can attack at both the C and N sites. In this...
Solution:
Solution:
Freon -12 has a variety of applications. Freon-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2Cl2) is also known as CFC. It's found in deodorants, hair sprays, and other aerosol spray propellants. It's also...
(i) The Cl- atom in chlorobenzene is coupled to an sp2 hybridized carbon atom, whereas it is linked to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom in cyclohexyl chloride. The sp2 hybridized carbon atom is now...
(i) (ii)
(i) (ii)
(i) (ii)
(i) (ii)
(i) (ii)
(i) 1−bromo−1−methylcyclohexane In the given molecule, all β-hydrogens are equivalent. As a result, only one alkene is produced when the given molecule is dehydrogenated. (ii) Different sets of...
(i) Oxidation states : The major oxidation state of lanthanoids is (+3). However, sometimes we also find oxidation states of +2 and +4. This occurs because of the extra stability of fully-filled and...
(i) The order in which the halides react to an alkyl group is constant in the SN2 process. This is because as the size of the halide ion rises, it becomes a better leaving group. R-F << R-Cl...
(i) Electronic configuration: The general electronic configuration for lanthanoids is [Xe]54 4f0-14 5d0-1 6s2 and that for actinoids is [Rn]86 5f1-14 6d0-1 7s2....
From the table shown above we can deduce the following points: Mn shows maximum number of oxidation states, that ranges between +2 to +7.The number of oxidation states increases as we move on from...
The term ambident nucleophile refers to a nucleophile with two nucleophilic sites. These nucleophilic sites are targets for them to attack. For example, the nitrite ion. When the nitrite ion can...
Ions that have electrons in d-orbital will be the only ones that will impart colour and the ions with vacant d-orbital will remain colourless. All other ions, except Sc3+, will be coloured in...
(i) (ii) (iii)
(i) The reduction potentials for the given pairs increase in the given order: Mn2+ / Mn < Cr2+ / Cr < Fe2+ /Fe So, the oxidation of Fe to Fe2+ is not as easy as the...
(i) 1−Bromobutane (ii) 2−Bromobutane (iii) 1−Bromo−2−methylpropane (iv) 2−Bromo−2−methylpropane
C5H10 is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CnH2n, which belongs to the CnH2n group of hydrocarbons. As a result, it could be an alkene or a cycloalkane. Hydrocarbon cannot be an alkene because...
Write the ionic equations for the reactions. The preparation of potassium permanganate can be done from pyrolusite (MnO2). The ore is fused with KOH in the presence of either atmospheric oxygen or...
(i) CH3 C (p – Cl C6 H4 )2 CH(Br) CH3 (ii) (CH3 )3 C CH = C Cl C6 H4 I – p (i) 2−Bromo−3, 3−bis(4 − chlorophenyl) butane (ii) 1−chloro−1−(4−iodophenyl)−3,...
In acidic medium, K2Cr2O7 behaves as a very strong oxidising agent. \[{K_2}C{r_2}{O_7} + 4{H_{2}}S{O_4} \to {K_2}S{O_{4}} + C{r_{2}}{(S{O_4})_{3}} + 4{H_2}O + 3[O]\;\] K2Cr2O7 gains electrons...
Potassium dichromate is prepared from iron chromite ore through the following steps: Step 1: Preparation of sodium chromate: \[FeC{r_2}{O_4} + 16NaOH + 7{O_2} \to 8N{a_2}Cr{O_4} + 2F{e_2}{O_3} +...
In transition elements, the oxidation state can vary from +1 to the highest oxidation state by the removal of all their valence electrons. Along with that. in transition elements, the oxidation...
Transition metals are large in size and they also contain many interstitial sites. These interstitial sites can be used to trap atoms of other elements (that have small atomic size), such as H, C, N...
(i) The transition metals generally form coloured compounds.(ii) Transition metals and their many compounds act as good catalyst. (i) Most of the complexes of transition metals are coloured as...
i) Transition metals show paramagnetic behaviour. Paramagnetism is a phenomenon that arises due to the presence of unpaired electrons with each electron having a magnetic moment associated with...
The most common oxidation state in the case of lanthanoids is +3 oxidation state. Thus, Ln(III) compounds are predominant. However, +2 and +4 oxidation states can also be found in the solution or in...
Transition metals have a partially filled or incomplete d−orbital. Hence, the electronic configuration of transition elements is (n − 1)d1-10 ns0-2. The non-transition elements either do not...
Transition elements are those elements in which the atoms or ions (in stable oxidation state) contain partially filled or incomplete d-orbital. These elements are found in the d-block (as the...
Answer - Let “a” denote the width of a single slit. According to the question, the single slit is then further divided into n smaller slits of width a’. So, we can write – a’ = a / n For the...
Answer – (a) The aircraft's weak radar emissions interfere with the antenna's reception of the TV signal. (b) This is because the linear aspect of a differential equation that drives wave motion...
Answer – We are given that, λ = 500 nm is the wavelength of the beam of light D= 1 m is the distance between the slit and the screen x = 2.5 mm = 2.5 x 10-3 m is the distance of the first...
Answer – We are given that, 40 km Is the distance between the towers d = 50 m is the height of the line joining the hills The radial spread of the radio waves can not exceed 50 m Aperture,...
Answer – (a) In a single slit diffraction experiment, doubling the slit width reduces the size of the central diffraction band by half while increasing the intensity of the band by four times. (b)...
Answer – We are given that - Wavelength of the light is λ = 600 nm Θ is the angular width of the fringe formed, given equal to 0.10 = 0.1 π/180 Spacing between the slits is d...
Solution: (v) Hemiacetals are a type of α−alkoxyalcohols. A hemiacetal's overall structure. Aldehyde interacts with one molecule of monohydrated alcohol in the presence of dry HCl gas. (vi) Oxime:...
Answer – Because sound waves can only move through the medium, the Doppler formula differs somewhat between the two scenarios. In both circumstances, the observer's motion relative to the medium is...
Answer – (a) In the vacuum, none of the components listed affect the speed of light. (b) The wavelength of light in a media affects the speed of light in that medium.
Answer – Consider an item O placed at a distance r in front of the plane mirror MO'. The object is designated as point O, and a circle is drawn around it, just touching the plane mirror at point O'....
Answer – The velocity of light in the denser medium (water) is greater than the velocity of light in the rarer medium (air), according to Newton's Corpuscular hypothesis (vacuum). This was erroneous...
Answer – It is given in the question – λ = 6563 Å and, Δλ = 15 Å Since the star is receding, the velocity (v) will be negative. We know that, Δλ = – vλ/c Therefore, v = – cΔλ/λ = – (3 x...
Answer: The distance which is used in ray optics for a good approximation is known as Fresnel’s distance ZF, relation for which is given as follows – \[{{Z}_{F}}=\frac{{{a}^{2}}}{\lambda }\] Where...
Answer – We are given, Wavelength of incident light is λ = 5000 Armstrong = 5000 x 10-10 m Speed of light is known as c =3 x 108 m The relation for the frequency of...
Answer – We are given that Refractive index of glass is μ = 1.5 Let the Brewster angle be θ The relation between the Brewster angle and the refractive index is given as follows – \[\tan \theta =\mu...
Answer: We are given, Distance of the screen from the slits is D = 1m Wavelength of light used is λ1 = 600 nm Angular width of the fringe in air is θ1 = 0.2° θ2 is the angular...
Answer – Let I1 and I2 represent the intensity of the two light waves. Then, their resultant intensities can be determined as follows –...
Answer – We are given, Distance between the screen and the slits, D = 1.4 m Distance between the slits is d = 0.28 mm = 0.28 x 10-3 m Also, the distance between the central fringe and the...
(ii) Is the speed of light in glass Independent of the colour of light? If not, which of the two colours red and violet travels slower in a glass prism? Answer – (i) We are given, Refractive...
(i) Light diverging from a point source. (ii) Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus. (iii) The portion of the wavefront of the light from a distant star...
Answer – We are given, Wavelength of monochromatic light incident is , λ = 589 nm = 589 x 10-9 m Speed of light in air is c = 3 x 108 m s-1 Refractive index of water is...